{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T22:11:43Z","timestamp":1774822303857,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the frequency of epistaxis\nduring or after racing among racehorses and identify\nfactors associated with development of epistaxis.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Sample Population<\/jats:bold>\u2014247,564 Thoroughbred and\n4,045 Anglo-Arab race starts.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Race start information (breed, age, sex,\nracing distance, and race type) was obtained for\nThoroughbred and Anglo-Arab horses racing in Japan\nRacing Association-sanctioned races between 1992\nand 1997. All horses that raced were examined by a\nveterinarian within 30 minutes of the conclusion of\nthe race; any horse that had blood at the nostrils was\nexamined with an endoscope. If blood was observed\nin the trachea, epistaxis related to exercise-induced\npulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) was diagnosed.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Epistaxis related to EIPH was identified following\n369 race starts (0.15%). Frequency of EIPHrelated\nepistaxis was significantly associated with race\ntype, age, distance, and sex. Epistaxis was more common\nfollowing steeplechase races than following flat\nraces, in older horses than in horses that were 2 years\nold, following races \u2264 1,600 m long than following\nraces between 1,601 and 2,000 m long, and in females\nthan in sexually intact males. For horses that had an\nepisode of epistaxis, the recurrence rate was 4.64%.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results suggested\nthat frequency of EIPH-related epistaxis in\nracehorses is associated with the horse's age and\nsex, the type of race, and the distance raced. The\nhigher frequency in shorter races suggests that higher\nintensity exercise of shorter duration may increase\nthe probability of EIPH. (<jats:italic>J Am Vet Med Assoc<\/jats:italic>\n2001;218:1462\u20131464)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.1462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,23]],"date-time":"2006-01-23T18:39:00Z","timestamp":1138041540000},"page":"1462-1464","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Frequency of and risk factors for epistaxis associated with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses: 251,609 race starts 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