{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T19:39:36Z","timestamp":1773430776061,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To compare physiologic and analgesic\neffects of morphine when given by IV constant-rate\ninfusion or by IM injection to dogs undergoing laparotomy\nand to determine pharmacokinetics of morphine\nin dogs following IV constant-rate infusion.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prospective randomized controlled trial.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201420 dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Dogs undergoing laparotomy were treated\nwith morphine beginning at the time of anesthetic\ninduction. Morphine was administered by IV infusion\n(0.12 mg\/kg\/h [0.05 mg\/lb\/h] of body weight) or by IM\ninjection (1 mg\/kg [0.45 mg\/lb]) at induction and extubation\nand every 4 hours thereafter. Treatments continued\nfor 24 hours after extubation.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Blood gas values did not indicate clinically\nsignificant respiratory depression in either group, and\ndegree of analgesia (determined as the University of\nMelbourne Pain Scale score) and incidence of adverse\neffects (panting, vomiting, defecation, and dysphoria)\nwere not significantly different between groups. Dogs\nin both groups had significant decreases in mean\nheart rate, rectal temperature, and serum sodium and\npotassium concentrations, compared with preoperative\nvalues. Mean \u00b1 SEM total body clearance of morphine\nwas 68 \u00b1 6 ml\/min\/kg (31 \u00b1 3 ml\/min\/lb). Mean\nsteady-state serum morphine concentration in dogs\nreceiving morphine by constant-rate infusion was 30\n\u00b1 2 ng\/ml.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results indicated\nthat administration of morphine as a constantrate\nIV infusion at a dose of 0.12 mg\/kg\/h induced\neffects similar to those obtained with administration\nat a dose of 1 mg\/kg, IM, every 4 hours in dogs undergoing\nlaparotomy. Panting was attributed to an opioidinduced\nresetting of the hypothalamic temperature\nset point, rather than respiratory depression. (<jats:italic>J Am\nVet Med Assoc<\/jats:italic> 2001;218:884\u2013891)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,23]],"date-time":"2006-01-23T18:38:23Z","timestamp":1138041503000},"page":"884-891","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Comparison of the effects of morphine administered by constant-rate intravenous infusion or intermittent intramuscular injection in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"218","author":[{"given":"Anthony N.","family":"Lucas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ava M.","family":"Firth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Garry A.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John H.","family":"Vine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Glenn A.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(08)70009-3","volume":"30","author":"Papich MG","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Animal Pract"},{"key":"p_2_32","first-page":"546","volume":"37","author":"Dohoo S","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"p_3_33","unstructured":"Booth N. 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