{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T16:38:07Z","timestamp":1782491887327,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate disposition of butorphanol\nafter IV and IM administration, effects on physiologic\nvariables, and analgesic efficacy after IM administration\nin llamas.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Nonrandomized crossover study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20146 healthy adult male llamas.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Butorphanol (0.1 mg\/kg [0.045 mg\/lb] of\nbody weight) was administered IM first and IV 1\nmonth later. Blood samples were collected intermittently\nfor 24 hours after administration. Plasma butorphanol\nversus time curves were subjected to pharmacokinetic\nanalysis. Two months later, butorphanol\n(0.1 mg\/kg) was administered IM, and physiologic\nvariables and analgesia were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Extrapolated peak plasma concentrations\nafter IV and IM administration were 94.8 \u00b1 53.1 and\n34.3 \u00b1 11.6 ng\/ml, respectively. Volume of distribution\nat steady state after IV administration was 0.822 \u00b1\n0.329 L\/kg per minute and systemic clearance was\n0.050 \u00b1 0.014 L\/kg per minute. Slope of the elimination\nphase was significantly different, and elimination\nhalf-life was significantly shorter after IV (15.9 \u00b1 9.1\nminutes) versus IM (66.8 \u00b1 13.5 minutes) administration.\nBioavailability was 110 \u00b1 49% after IM administration.\nHeart rate decreased and rectal temperature\nincreased. Somatic analgesia was increased for various\nperiods. Two llamas became transiently sedated,\nand 2 became transiently excited after butorphanol\nadministration.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Although IV\nadministration of butorphanol results in a short halflife\nthat may limit its analgesic usefulness, the elimination\nhalf-life of butorphanol administered IM is likely\nto be clinically useful. The relationship among plasma\nbutorphanol concentration, time, and analgesia\ndiffered with the somatic analgesia model; clinically\nuseful analgesia may occur at lower plasma concentrations\nthan those reported here. (<jats:italic>J Am Vet Med\nAssoc<\/jats:italic> 2001;219:1263\u20131267)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.219.1263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,7]],"date-time":"2006-07-07T20:05:07Z","timestamp":1152302707000},"page":"1263-1268","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of butorphanol in llamas after intravenous and intramuscular administration"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"219","author":[{"given":"Gwendolyn L.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawn M.","family":"Boothe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandee M.","family":"Hartsfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela C.","family":"Spann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1989.tb01112.x","volume":"18","author":"Riebold TW","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"p_2_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.208.02.261","volume":"208","author":"Baird AN","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"p_3_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1997.58.02.153","volume":"58","author":"Duke T","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_4_288","first-page":"2047","volume":"49","author":"Gavier D","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_5_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)31004-5","volume":"5","author":"Heath RB","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"p_6_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1993.203.10.1441","volume":"203","author":"Grubb TL","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"p_7_291","first-page":"S33","volume":"8","author":"Gray PR","year":"1986","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet"},{"key":"p_8_292","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"Smith B.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ore: Oregon State University"},{"key":"p_9_293","unstructured":"Karns PA, Kamerling SG, Bagwell CA. 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