{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:43:32Z","timestamp":1791593012555,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine whether age, breed, sex,\nweight, or distraction index (DI) was associated with\nthe risk that dogs of 4 common breeds (German\nShepherd Dog, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever,\nRottweiler) would have radiographic evidence of\ndegenerative joint disease (DJD) associated with hip\ndysplasia.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cross-sectional prevalence study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201415,742 dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Hips of dogs were evaluated radiographically\nby use of the ventrodorsal hip-extended view, the compression view, and the distraction view. The ventrodorsal hip-extended view was examined to determine whether dogs had DJD. For each breed, a multiple logistic regression model incorporating age, sex, weight, and DI was created. For each breed, disease-susceptibility curves were produced, using all\ndogs, regardless of age, and dogs grouped on the basis of age.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Weight and DI were significant risk factors\nfor DJD in all breeds. For German Shepherd Dogs, the\nrisk of having DJD was 4.95 times the risk for dogs of\nthe other 3 breeds combined. In all breeds, the probability\nof having DJD increased with age.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results indicated\nthat the probability of having hip DJD increased\nwith hip joint laxity as measured by use of DI. This\nassociation was breed-specific, indicating that breedspecific\ninformation on disease susceptibility should be\nincorporated when making breeding decisions and\nwhen deciding on possible surgical treatment of hip\ndysplasia. 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