{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T20:37:42Z","timestamp":1770064662105,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine seroprevalence of antibodies\nto <jats:italic>Bartonella vinsonii<\/jats:italic> subsp <jats:italic>berkhoffiiand<\/jats:italic> risk factors\nfor seropositivity among working dogs owned by\nthe US government.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20141,872 dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014An ELISA was used to detect antibodies\nto <jats:italic>B vinsonii<\/jats:italic> subsp <jats:italic>berkhoffii<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Antibodies to <jats:italic>B vinsonii<\/jats:italic> subsp <jats:italic>berkhoffii<\/jats:italic>\nwere detected in 162 dogs (8.7%; 95% confidence\ninterval, 7.4 to 10.0%). Dogs living in the southeast,\nplains states, southwest, and south-central were significantly\nmore likely to be seropositive than were dogs\nliving in other regions of the United States. German\nShepherd-type dogs were significantly less likely to be\nseropositive than were dogs of other breeds, and dogs\nentering training programs or that had been rejected\nfrom a training program were significantly more likely\nto be seropositive than were dogs used for narcotics\ndetection and dogs trained to patrol or detect explosives.\nDogs used by the border patrol or Federal\nAviation Administration were more likely to be seropositive\nthan were dogs used by the Department of\nDefense or customs service. Odds that dogs would be\nseropositive were significantly higher for dogs stationed\nin the southern United States, the northeastern\nUnited States, or a foreign country, compared with\ndogs stationed in all other regions of the United States.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Overall, 8.7%\nof this diverse group of healthy dogs was found to be\nseropositive for antibodies to <jats:italic>B vinsonii<\/jats:italic> subsp <jats:italic>berkhoffii<\/jats:italic>,\nand seropositivity rates were associated with\nlocation, suggesting either that there are multiple vectors\nfor the organism or that the major vector for the\norganism depends on geographic and environmental\nfactors. 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