{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T10:18:25Z","timestamp":1782296305570,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate efficacy and cost of using\ncyclosporine and ketoconazole for the treatment of\nperianal fistulas in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Clinical trial.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201412 dogs with perianal fistulas.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Dogs received cyclosporine and ketoconazole\norally (target whole blood trough\ncyclosporine concentrations of 400 to 600 ng\/ml).\nStudy endpoints were resolution of clinical signs,\nremission, and recurrence of disease. Adverse\neffects and cost of medications were reported.\nResults were compared with those from previous\nstudies in humans and in dogs in which single agent\ncyclosporine treatment for perianal fistulas was used.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014All dogs had resolution of clinical signs.\nEight dogs went into remission; however, 5 of those\n8 had recurrence of fistulas. Adverse effects of\ntreatment were minimal and well tolerated. Cost of\ntreatment was comparable to traditional surgical\noptions and less than single agent cyclosporine\ntreatment.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Administration\nof cyclosporine with ketoconazole is an effective\nand cost-comparable treatment for perianal fistulas\nin dogs. 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