{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T21:15:23Z","timestamp":1779916523440,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To identify clinical signs, underlying cardiac\nconditions, echocardiographic findings, and prognosis\nfor horses with congestive heart failure.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201414 horses.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Signalment; history; clinical signs; clinicopathologic,\nechocardiographic, and radiographic\nfindings; treatment; and outcome were determined\nby reviewing medical records.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014All 14 horses were examined because of a\nheart murmur; tachycardia was identified in all 14.\nTwelve horses had echocardiographic evidence of\nenlargement of 1 or more chambers of the heart.\nOther common clinical findings included jugular distention\nor pulsation, crackles, cough, tachypnea, and\nventral edema. Nine horses had signs consistent with\nheart failure for &gt; 6 days. Underlying causes for heart\nfailure included congenital defects, traumatic vascular\nrupture, pericarditis, pulmonary hypertension secondary\nto heaves, and valvular dysplasia. Seven horses\nwere euthanatized after diagnosis of heart failure;\n5 were discharged but were euthanatized or died of\ncomplications of heart disease within 1 year after discharge.\nThe remaining 2 horses were discharged but\nlost to follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results suggest\nthat congestive heart failure is rare in horses. A loud\nheart murmur accompanied by either jugular distention\nor pulsation, tachycardia, respiratory abnormalities\n(crackles, cough, tachypnea), and ventral edema were\nthe most common clinical signs. Echocardiography was\nuseful in determining the underlying cause in affected\nhorses. The long-term prognosis for horses with congestive\nheart failure was grave. 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