{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T22:10:38Z","timestamp":1776723038851,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To explore the use of urethral endoscopy\nand laser lithotripsy in the diagnosis and\nmanagement of urolithiasis in goats and pot-bellied\npigs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prospective clinical study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201416 male goats and 6 male pot-bellied pigs\nwith dysuria.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Abdominal ultrasonography and urethral\nendoscopy were performed on all 22 animals.\nEndoscopic-guided holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet\nlaser lithotripsy was performed in 3 goats and 2\npot-bellied pigs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Urolithiasis was identified in 15 goats\nand 5 pot-bellied pigs. Primary urinary bladder\nparalysis and cystitis were identified in the remaining\npot-bellied pig and goat. Mean bladder diameters\nof obstructed small- and large-breed goats\nwere 7 and 9.5 cm, respectively. The mean bladder\ndiameter of obstructed pot-bellied pigs was\n9.5 cm. Five of 20 animals with obstructive\nurolithiasis had severe urethral necrosis or stricture\nformation at the time of urethroscopy. All of\nthese animals were euthanatized within 6 months\nbecause of persistent dysuria. When used, laser\nlithotripsy successfully fractured the distally located\nobstructing stones in the 3 goats and 2 pot-bellied\npigs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Urethral\nendoscopy is useful for evaluating urethral patency\nin goats and pot-bellied pigs. Examination of the\nurethral mucosa following relief of urethral obstructions\naids in the assessment of the long-term prognosis\nfor urethral stricture. Urethral endoscopy also\nexpands the therapeutic options for management of\nurolithiasis by providing a route for conducting laser\nlithotripsy. Laser lithotripsy proved to be safe and\neffective for clearing distally located calculi refractory\nto removal by traditional urethral flushing.\nLithotripsy application is restricted to calculi\nlodged in the urethra. (<jats:italic>J Am Vet Med Assoc<\/jats:italic> 2002;\n220:1831\u20131834)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.220.1831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,23]],"date-time":"2006-01-23T18:38:06Z","timestamp":1138041486000},"page":"1831-1834","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Urethroscopy and laser lithotripsy for the diagnosis and treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in goats and pot-bellied pigs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"220","author":[{"given":"Spring K.","family":"Halland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John K.","family":"House","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisle W.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_171","first-page":"s275","volume":"18","author":"van Metre DC","year":"1996","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet"},{"key":"p_2_172","first-page":"750","volume":"84","author":"Osborne CA","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet Med"},{"key":"p_3_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9846(17)30068-X","volume":"5","author":"Kimberling CV","year":"1983","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract"},{"key":"p_4_174","first-page":"47","volume":"83","author":"Haven M","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cornell Vet"},{"key":"p_5_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1995.tb01361.x","volume":"24","author":"Rakestraw P","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Vet Surg"},{"key":"p_6_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30510-7","volume":"11","author":"Hooper R","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"p_7_177","first-page":"450","author":"Lundvall RL","year":"1974","journal-title":"Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Co"},{"key":"p_8_178","first-page":"317","volume":"18","author":"van Metre DC","year":"1996","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet"},{"key":"p_9_179","first-page":"689","volume":"191","author":"Garret PD","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"p_10_180","first-page":"1584","volume":"173","author":"Hinkle RF","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"p_11_181","unstructured":"Phelps MS, Halland SK, House JK. 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