{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:03:36Z","timestamp":1761894216285,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine whether testicular needle\nbiopsy is detrimental to testicular function in clinically\nnormal bulls.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prospective study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20146 mixed-breed mature bulls.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014A randomly selected testicle from each\nbull was biopsied with a 14-gauge needle biopsy\ninstrument. Bulls were then evaluated over a 90-day\nperiod for changes in scrotal temperature and thermal\npatterns, ultrasonographic appearance, and quality of\nspermatozoa. At the end of the 90-day study, bulls\nwere castrated, and testicles were examined grossly\nand histologically.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Changes were detected in scrotal temperatures\nand thermal patterns and in the breeding soundness\nexamination results during the first 2 weeks of\nthe study. However, there were no long-term\nchanges in semen quality over the course of the\nexperiment. Hyperechoic areas were detected on\nultrasonographic examination and corresponded to\nthe areas of penetration by the biopsy instrument.\nMicroscopic lesions that were indicative of testicular\ndysfunction were not found.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results indicate\nthat testicular biopsy is a safe procedure in bulls.\nTesticular biopsy could possibly be used to further\nexamine bulls that have less than satisfactory results\nfor breeding soundness examinations. 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