{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T11:45:21Z","timestamp":1791114321961,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine whether there was a temporal\ntrend in prevalence of leptospirosis among dogs\nin the United States and Canada and to determine\nwhether age, sex, and breed were risk factors for the\ndisease.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20141,819,792 dogs examined at 22 veterinary\nteaching hospitals between 1970 and 1998.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014The Veterinary Medical Data Base was\nsearched for records of dogs in which a diagnosis of\nleptospirosis was made, and hospital prevalence was\ncalculated. Logistic regression was used to examine\nthe association between leptospirosis and age, sex,\nand breed.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014677 dogs with leptospirosis were identified.\nThus, hospital prevalence was 37 cases\/100,000\ndogs examined. A significant increase in leptospirosis\nprevalence between 1983 and 1998 was identified.\nMale dogs were at significantly greater risk of leptospirosis\nthan were female dogs; dogs between 4\nand 6.9 years old and between 7 and 10 years old\nwere at significantly greater risk than dogs &lt; 1 year\nold; and herding dogs, hounds, working dogs, and\nmixed-breed dogs were at significantly greater risk\nthan companion dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014The prevalence\nof leptospirosis among dogs examined at veterinary\nteaching hospitals in the United States and\nCanada has increased significantly since 1983. Male\ndogs of working and herding breeds were at greater\nrisk. 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