{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:53:40Z","timestamp":1791582820153,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine molecular characteristics of\n<jats:italic>Clostridium difficile<\/jats:italic> isolates from foals with diarrhea\nand identify clinical abnormalities in affected foals.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201428 foals with <jats:italic>C difficile<\/jats:italic>-associated diarrhea.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Toxigenicity, molecular fingerprinting,\nand antibiotic susceptibility patterns were determined.\nInformation on signalment, clinical findings,\nresults of clinicopathologic testing, whether antimicrobials\nhad been administered prior to development\nof diarrhea, and outcome was obtained from the\nmedical records.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Twenty-three (82%) foals survived. Toxin\nA and B gene sequences were detected in isolates\nfrom 24 of 27 foals, whereas the toxin B gene alone\nwas detected in the isolate from 1 foal. Results of\nan ELISA for toxin A were positive for fecal samples\nfrom only 8 of 20 (40%) foals. Ten of 23 (43%) isolates\nwere resistant to metronidazole. Molecular\nfingerprinting revealed marked heterogeneity\namong isolates, except for the metronidazole-resistant\nisolates. Sixteen foals had tachypnea.\nHematologic abnormalities were indicative of\ninflammation. Common serum biochemical abnormalities\nincluded metabolic acidosis, hyponatremia,\nhypocalcemia, azotemia, hypoproteinemia, hyperglycemia,\nand high enzyme activities. Passive transfer\nof maternal antibodies was adequate in all 12\nfoals evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results suggest\nthat a large percentage of <jats:italic>C difficile<\/jats:italic> isolates\nfrom foals with diarrhea will have the toxin A and B\ngene sequences. Because of the possibility that isolates\nwill be resistant to metronidazole, susceptibility\ntesting is warranted. <jats:italic>Clostridium difficile<\/jats:italic> isolates\nfrom foals may have a substantial amount of molecular\nheterogeneity. Clinical and hematologic findings in\naffected foals are similar to those for foals with diarrhea\ncaused by other pathogens. 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