{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T20:54:41Z","timestamp":1790369681772,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine characteristics of free-roaming\ncats evaluated in a trap-neuter-return program.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20145,323 free-roaming cats.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Data collected included sex, maturity,\npregnancy status, number of fetuses per pregnancy,\ncryptorchidism, and occurrence of complications or\neuthanasia.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Adult cats represented 85% of the population,\nand 57% were female. Overall, 19% of adult\nfemales were pregnant, and mean litter size was 3.6\nfetuses. Pregnancy rate peaked at 36 to 47% of all\nfemales evaluated in March and April and decreased to\n\u2264 4% from October through January. Cryptorchidism\nwas observed in 1.9% of the males; 0.4% of the adult\nfemales had pyometra. Only 1.9% of the cats were\nalready neutered. Euthanasia and unexpected death\nrates were 0.4 and 0.3%, respectively. The most common\nsevere problems encountered included pyometra,\nneoplasia, surgical complications, diaphragmatic hernia,\ndebilitation, and chronic inflammatory diseases.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Neutering programs\nfor free-roaming cats should include preparations\nto perform more spays than castrations. Typically,\nalmost half of the female cats trapped during spring\nwill be pregnant. Cryptorchidism is uncommon but is\nencountered on a consistent basis, so care should be\ntaken to differentiate previous castration from retained\ntesticles. Euthanasia of debilitated cats for humane\nreasons is rarely necessary, and unexpected deaths\noccur at a low rate. It is feasible and safe to neuter\nlarge numbers of free-roaming cats in large-scale clinics.\n(<jats:italic>J Am Vet Med Assoc<\/jats:italic> 2002;221:1136\u20131138)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.221.1136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,23]],"date-time":"2006-01-23T18:43:14Z","timestamp":1138041794000},"page":"1136-1138","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Characteristics of free-roaming cats evaluated in a trap-neuter-return program"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"221","author":[{"given":"Karen C.","family":"Scott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie K.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. 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