{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:44:12Z","timestamp":1787507052172,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To evaluate safety and efficacy of vagal\nnerve stimulation in dogs with refractory epilepsy.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Placebo-controlled, double-masked, crossover\nstudy.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u201410 dogs with poorly controlled seizures.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014A programmable pacemaker-like device\ndesigned to deliver intermittent stimulation to the left\ncervical trunk of the vagus was surgically implanted in\neach dog. Dogs were assigned randomly to two 13-\nweek test periods, 1 with nerve stimulation and 1\nwithout nerve stimulation. Owners recorded data on\nseizure frequency, duration, and intensity, as well as\nadverse effects.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014No significant difference in seizure frequency,\nduration, or severity was detected between\noverall 13-week treatment and control periods.\nDuring the final 4 weeks of the treatment period, a\nsignificant decrease in mean seizure frequency\n(34.4%) was detected, compared with the control\nperiod. Complications included transient bradycardia,\nasystole, and apnea during intraoperative device testing,\nand seroma formation, subcutaneous migration\nof the generator, and transient Horner's syndrome\nduring the 14-day period between surgery and suture\nremoval. No adverse effects of stimulation were\ndetected, and most owners were satisfied with the\ntreatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Vagal nerve\nstimulation is a potentially safe approach to seizure\ncontrol that appears to be efficacious in certain dogs\nand should be considered a possible treatment option\nwhen antiepileptic medications are ineffective. 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