{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:54:13Z","timestamp":1787025253130,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To assess use of thoracoscopy to determine\ncauses of pleural effusion in dogs and cats.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Retrospective study.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u201415 dogs and 3 cats with pleural effusion.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Medical records were reviewed from\n1998 to 2001 for dogs and cats that had exploratory\nthoracoscopy, biopsy, and histologic analysis to\ndetermine the etiology of pleural effusion.\nIntraoperative and postoperative complications were\nrecorded. Surgical biopsy specimens were evaluated\nfor quantity and quality for providing a histologic\ndiagnosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Biopsy specimens were deemed adequate\nin quantity and quality to render a histologic diagnosis\nin all animals. Etiology of the effusion was neoplasia\nin 8 animals and non-neoplastic pleuritis in 10 animals.\nMedian survival time of animals with neoplasia\nwas 15 days, whereas those with inflammatory diseases\nhad median survival time of &gt; 785 days. Postoperative\npneumothorax was encountered in 2 animals\nsubsequent to pulmonary biopsy. No other\nmajor complications were recorded.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Thoracoscopy\nis a diagnostic option that provides excellent\nviewing of intrathoracic structures and adequate biopsy\nspecimens with minimal complications. This technique\nprovides a less invasive alternative to thoracotomy\nfor evaluating the etiology of pleural effusion. 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