{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:28:43Z","timestamp":1793042923794,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To compare results of polymerase chain\nreaction (PCR) testing of urine samples, serologic\ntesting, and bacteriologic culture of urine to determine\nprevalence of urinary shedding of leptospires in\ndogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Serial case study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014500 dogs evaluated serially without regard\nto health status.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Urine samples were examined via PCR\nassay and bacteriologic culture for leptospires. Blood\nsamples were analyzed for antibodies against\nserovars canicola, bratislava, pomona, icterohemorrhagiae,\ngrippotyphosa, and hardjo.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Titers \u2265 1:100 against at least 1 serovar\nwere detected in 104 (20.8%) dogs, and titers\n\u2265 1:400 were detected in 41 (8.2%) dogs. High titers\nwere detected most commonly to serovar grippotyphosa,\nfollowed by icterohemorrhagiae, canicola,\npomona, bratislava, and hardjo. High titers to &gt; 1\nserovar were detected in 14 dogs. A positive PCR\nassay result was obtained in 41 (8.2%) dogs, only 9 of\nwhich had a titer \u2265 1:100. Leptospires were not cultured\nfrom the urine of any dog. Only 4 dogs had clinical\nleptospirosis. Overall disease prevalence was\n0.8% for the 6-month evaluation period. Compared\nwith PCR assay, serologic testing for predicting shedding\nhad a sensitivity of 22%, specificity of 79%, positive\npredictive value of 9%, and negative predictive\nvalue of 92%.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Irrespective\nof health status, 8.2% of dogs were shedding pathogenic\nleptospires. Serologic testing was a poor predictor\nof urinary shedding. Clinically normal dogs that\nshed leptospires may pose a zoonotic risk to their\nowners. (<jats:italic>J Am Vet Med Assoc<\/jats:italic> 2003;222:1230\u20131233)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.222.1230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,7]],"date-time":"2006-07-07T17:38:45Z","timestamp":1152293925000},"page":"1230-1233","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Comparison of polymerase chain reaction assay, bacteriologic culture, and serologic testing in assessment of prevalence of urinary shedding of leptospires in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"222","author":[{"given":"Kenneth R.","family":"Harkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvette M.","family":"Roshto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer T.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya J.","family":"Purvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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