{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T13:14:08Z","timestamp":1791033248458,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine usefulness of the test for\nproteins induced by vitamin K absence or antagonism\n(PIVKA) to identify anticoagulant-poisoned dogs, compared\nwith one-stage prothrombin time (OSPT) and\nactivated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) tests.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014325 dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Comparisons of results of PIVKA, OSPT,\nand APTT measurements in dogs with anticoagulant\npoisoning, hepatic disease, disseminated intravascular\ncoagulation, other blood-related disorders,\nimmune-mediated diseases, or other chronic and\nacute diseases were performed. Median, quartile,\nand range values were determined.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014PIVKA tests with a 150-second critical\nvalue had &gt; 98% specificity and &gt; 90% sensitivity for\ndiagnosis of anticoagulant poisoning versus &gt; 99%\nspecificity and &gt; 79% sensitivity with a 300-second\ncritical value. Comparison of PIVKA values among\ndiagnostic groups revealed significant differences\nbetween dogs with anticoagulant poisoning and all\nother groups.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014The PIVKA\ntest with a 150-second critical value is diagnostically\nuseful for distinguishing anticoagulant poisoning\nfrom other coagulopathies. Severe liver disease can\ncause false-positive results. Administration of vitamin\nK<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> or early evaluation (within a few hours of\ningesting anticoagulant) may cause false-negative\nresults. Dogs with PIVKA test values &gt; 150 seconds\nand clinical signs of anticoagulant poisoning can confidently\nbe considered to have anticoagulant poisoning\nbecause of the high test sensitivity and specificity.\n(<jats:italic>J Am Vet Med Assoc<\/jats:italic> 2003;222:194\u2013198)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.222.194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,23]],"date-time":"2006-01-23T18:45:22Z","timestamp":1138041922000},"page":"194-198","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Use of a test for proteins induced by vitamin K absence or antagonism in diagnosis of anticoagulant poisoning in dogs: 325 cases (1987\u20131997)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"222","author":[{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Mount","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian U.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip H.","family":"Kass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_172","first-page":"513","author":"Mount ME","year":"1986","journal-title":"Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co"},{"key":"p_2_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V81.1.77.77","volume":"81","author":"Bovill EG","year":"1993","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"p_3_174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(59)90857-8"},{"key":"p_4_175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-3848(91)90108-9"},{"key":"p_5_176","first-page":"1031","volume":"92","author":"Nakao A","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"p_6_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.1999.tb00072.x","volume":"9","author":"Rozanski EA","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"p_7_178","first-page":"2009","volume":"44","author":"Mount ME","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_8_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177012101","volume":"5","author":"Tukey JW","year":"1990","journal-title":"Stat Sci"},{"key":"p_9_180","first-page":"92","author":"Willard MD","year":"1989","journal-title":"Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co"},{"key":"p_10_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879300500317","volume":"5","author":"DeVries SE","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"p_11_182","first-page":"2246","author":"Green RA","year":"1989","journal-title":"Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co"},{"key":"p_12_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1997.211.05.576","volume":"211","author":"Gookin JJ","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"p_13_184","first-page":"560","volume":"82","author":"Dodds WJ.","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"p_14_185","unstructured":"Duncan JR, Prasse KW, Mahaffey EA. 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