{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T15:43:43Z","timestamp":1784130223454,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine whether foal management\npractices, environmental management, and preventative\nhealth practices are risk factors for development\nof <jats:italic>Rhodococcus equi<\/jats:italic> pneumonia in foals.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prospective matched case-control study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20142,764 foals on 64 equine breeding farms\nwith 9,991 horses.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014During 1997, participating veterinarians\ncompleted paired data collection forms for comparison;\n1 for an affected farm (containing \u2265 1 foal with\npneumonia caused by <jats:italic>R equi)<\/jats:italic>and 1 for a control farm.\nInformation collected pertained to stabling facilities,\nenvironmental management, foal husbandry, and preventative\nequine health practices.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Matched farm data compared by use of conditional\nlogistic regression indicated that personnel on\naffected farms were more likely to attend foal births,\ntest foals for adequacy of passive immunity, administer\nplasma or other treatments to foals to supplement\nserum immunoglobulin concentrations, administer\nhyperimmune plasma prophylactically to foals, vaccinate\nmares and foals against <jats:italic>Streptococcus equi<\/jats:italic>\ninfection, and use multiple anthelmintics in deworming\nprograms. Affected farms were also more likely to\nhave foals that developed other respiratory tract disorders\nand were approximately 4 times as likely to have\ndirt floors in stalls used for housing foals as were control\nfarms.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014<jats:italic>Rhodococcus\nequi<\/jats:italic> pneumonia does not appear to be associated\nwith poor farm management or a lack of attention to\npreventative health practices. Housing foals in stalls\nwith dirt floors may increase the risk for development\nof <jats:italic>R equi<\/jats:italic> pneumonia. 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