{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:50:44Z","timestamp":1791417044257,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To identify factors associated with\nincreased risk of being bitten by a dog or cat in a veterinary\nteaching hospital.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Unmatched case-control study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Study population<\/jats:bold>\u2014207 animal caregivers.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Case subjects (n = 75) were any caregiver\nthat reported being bitten by a dog or cat.\nControl subjects (n = 132) were randomly selected\nfrom a list of all caregivers interacting with dogs or\ncats. Information on the characteristics of the caregivers,\ncharacteristics of the dogs and cats, and the\nnature of the interaction between the dog or cat and\nthe caregiver was obtained by use of self-administered\nquestionnaires.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Caregivers were more likely to be bitten by\ndogs or cats that had warning signs on their cages\nindicating the potential to bite or that were considered\ndifficult to handle. Caregivers interacting with\ncats or with older dogs and cats were more likely to\nbe bitten. Only 37 to 55% of dogs and cats that had\ncharacteristics traditionally associated with biting or\nwere considered likely to bite were muzzled.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Muzzling\ndogs and cats should be considered more frequently.\nDogs and cats considered to have the propensity to\nbite frequently do bite, and precautions, such as muzzling,\nshould be taken if the medical condition or conformation\nof the dog or cat is amenable to this type of\nrestraint. 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