{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:54:38Z","timestamp":1787025278193,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To identify the most common causes of\npneumoperitoneum in dogs and cats and determine\nhistory, clinical features, and outcome of affected animals.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Retrospective study.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u201431 dogs and 8 cats.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Medical records were reviewed for signalment;\nhistory; abnormal physical, clinicopathologic,\nand radiographic findings; results of cytologic\nanalysis and bacterial culture of abdominal fluid; gross\nand histologic findings at surgery or necropsy; and\noutcome.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Pneumoperitoneum was classified as spontaneous\nin 25 animals and traumatic in 14. Causes of\ntraumatic pneumoperitoneum included vehicular\nimpact, gunshot wounds, abdominal dog bite wounds,\nand iatrogenic pneumothorax. Spontaneous pneumoperitoneum\nwas caused by gastrointestinal tract\nperforation in 23 animals; underlying causes included\nneoplasia, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration,\nand corticosteroid administration. Two animals\ndeveloped spontaneous pneumoperitoneum\nafter bladder rupture. Animals with spontaneous pneumoperitoneum\nwere significantly older and had clinical\nsigns of longer duration than those with traumatic\npneumoperitoneum. Sixteen animals survived, including\n15 of 23 animals that underwent surgery. Animals\nthat survived had significantly higher serum albumin\nconcentrations than did animals that died or were\neuthanatized.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Although\npneumoperitoneum is most often attributable to perforation\nof a hollow viscus, other causes do exist. Early\nexploration is recommended for diagnosis and treatment\nof the underlying condition. (\n                    <jats:italic>J Am Vet Med Assoc<\/jats:italic>\n                    2003;223:462\u2013468)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.223.462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,23]],"date-time":"2006-01-23T13:46:06Z","timestamp":1138023966000},"page":"462-468","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Pneumoperitoneum in dogs and cats: 39 cases (1983\u20132002)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"223","author":[{"given":"W. 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