{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T10:53:53Z","timestamp":1793444033949,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate transurethral cystoscopy and\nexcretory urography for diagnosis of ectopic ureter in\nfemale dogs and identify concurrent urogenital abnormalities.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201425 female dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Medical records of female dogs that\nunderwent transurethral cystoscopy, excretory urography,\nand ventral cystotomy were reviewed for signalment,\nhistory, physical examination findings,\nresults of bacteriologic culture of urine, and surgical\nfindings. Videotapes of transurethral cystoscopy and\nradiographic studies were reviewed systematically\nwithout knowledge of surgical findings.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Ectopic ureters were diagnosed in 24 of 25\n(96%) of the dogs, bilaterally in 22 of 24 (91.6%) dogs.\nCystoscopic evaluation yielded a correct diagnosis in all\ndogs when results of ventral cystotomy were used as\nthe diagnostic standard. Cystoscopic evaluation identified\na terminal ureteral opening for all ureters. Urethral\nfenestrations, troughs, striping, and tenting were identified.\nAbnormalities of the vestibule were identified in all\nexaminations available for review (24\/25). The paramesonephric\nseptal remnant and its association with\nectopic ureters were identified and characterized by cystoscopy.\nRadiographic findings were discordant with\nsurgical findings and correctly identified 36 of 46 (78.2%)\nectopic ureters and 2 of 4 normal ureters. Hydroureter\nand renal abnormalities were associated with distal urethral\nectopic ureters on radiographic evaluations.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Transurethral\ncystoscopy was accurate and minimally invasive for identification\nand classification of ectopic ureters in dogs.\nContrast radiography had limitations in diagnosis of\nectopic ureters. Cystoscopic findings and associated\nvaginal and vestibular abnormalities support abnormal\nembryologic development in the pathogenesis of ectopic\nureters. 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