{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T17:45:48Z","timestamp":1780940748202,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To assess the use of magnetic resonance\n(MR) imaging for identifying subchondral bone damage\nin the distal limbs of horses.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201411 horses.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Medical records of horses with lameness\nand subsequent evidence of subchondral bone\ndamage as determined by MR imaging were\nreviewed. Severity and duration of lameness, results\nof diagnostic local anesthesia and diagnostic testing,\nsurgical and necropsy findings, and treatment were\nrecorded. Outcome was determined by follow-up\ninformation obtained from the owner or referring veterinarian.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Lameness was localized by physical examination\nand diagnostic local anesthesia. Lameness was\nlocalized to the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal\njoint in 4 horses, distal interphalangeal joint in 5\nhorses, and tarsocrural joint in 2 horses. The duration of\nlameness ranged from 2 weeks to 20 months. Magnetic\nresonance imaging of the affected joints revealed abnormal\nfluid accumulation within the subchondral bone.\nNone of the abnormalities observed by MR imaging\nwere detected by radiography. Subchondral bone damage\nwas diagnosed in all horses. Arthroscopy of the\naffected joint was performed in 4 horses. Communication\nwith the articular surface of the affected bone was\nsuspected on the basis of results of MR imaging in 4\nhorses and was confirmed by arthroscopy in 1 horse and\nby necropsy in 1 horse.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Magnetic resonance\nimaging was useful for providing a diagnosis\nwhen other imaging techniques did not definitively\nidentify the cause of lameness. Subchondral bone\ndamage was clearly identified by MR imaging and\nshould be considered as a cause of lameness in horses\nin which radiographic findings are unremarkable.\n( <jats:italic>J Am Vet Med Assoc<\/jats:italic> 2004;224:411\u2013418)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.224.411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,21]],"date-time":"2005-12-21T13:06:01Z","timestamp":1135170361000},"page":"411-418","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Use of magnetic resonance imaging for identifying subchondral bone damage in horses: 11 cases (1999\u20132003)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"224","author":[{"given":"Chad J.","family":"Zubrod","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert K.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell L.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick R.","family":"Gavin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude A.","family":"Ragle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly D.","family":"Farnsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.189.3.8234723","volume":"189","author":"Kapelov SR","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"p_2_193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/270722a0"},{"key":"p_3_194","first-page":"14","volume":"20","author":"Mehl ML","year":"1998","journal-title":"Equine Pract"},{"key":"p_4_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30080-9","volume":"17","author":"Tucker RL","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"p_5_196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516403775467531"},{"key":"p_6_197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1999.tb01833.x"},{"key":"p_7_198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1987.tb00036.x"},{"key":"p_8_199","unstructured":"Snow VE. 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