{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T16:58:59Z","timestamp":1778000339194,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the cardiorespiratory\neffects of epidural administration of morphine alone\nand in combination with fentanyl in dogs anesthetized\nwith sevoflurane.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prospective study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20146 dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Dogs were anesthetized with sevoflurane\nand allowed to breathe spontaneously. After a\nstable plane of anesthesia was achieved, morphine\n(0.1 mg\/kg [0.045 mg\/lb]) or a combination of morphine\nand fentanyl (10 \u00b5g\/kg [4.5 \u00b5g\/lb) was administered\nthrough an epidural catheter, the tip of which\nwas positioned at the level of L6 or L7.\nCardiorespiratory variables were measured for 90\nminutes.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Epidural administration of morphine alone\ndid not cause any significant changes in cardiorespiratory\nmeasurements. However, epidural administration\nof morphine and fentanyl induced significant\ndecreases in diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures\nand total peripheral resistance. Stroke volume\nwas unchanged, PaCO2 was significantly increased,\nand arterial pH and base excess were significantly\ndecreased. Heart rate was significantly lower after\nepidural administration of morphine and fentanyl than\nafter administration of morphine alone. None of the\ndogs had any evidence of urine retention, vomiting, or\npruritus after recovery from anesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results suggest\nthat epidural administration of morphine at a\ndose of 0.1 mg\/kg in combination with fentanyl at a\ndose of 10 \u00b5g\/kg can cause cardiorespiratory depression\nin dogs anesthetized with sevoflurane. 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