{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T12:59:21Z","timestamp":1776430761003,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine ultrasonographic abnormalities\nin dogs with hyperammonemia.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201490 client-owned dogs with hyperammonemia.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Ultrasonography of the abdominal vessels\nand organs was performed in a systematic way.\nDogs in which the ultrasonographic diagnosis was a\ncongenital portosystemic shunt were included only if\nthey underwent laparotomy or necropsy. Dogs in\nwhich the abdominal vasculature appeared normal\nand dogs in which the ultrasonographic diagnosis was\nacquired portosystemic shunts and portal hypertension\nwere included only if liver biopsy specimens\nwere submitted for histologic examination.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Ultrasonography excluded portosystemic\nshunting in 11 dogs. Acquired portosystemic shunts\nwere found in 17 dogs, of which 3 had arterioportal\nfistulae and 14 had other hepatic abnormalities.\nCongenital portosystemic shunts were found in 61\ndogs, of which 19 had intrahepatic shunts and 42 had\nextrahepatic shunts. Intrahepatic shunts originated\nfrom the left portal branch in 14 dogs and the right\nportal branch in 5. Extrahepatic shunts originated\nfrom the splenic vein, the right gastric vein, or both\nand entered the caudal vena cava or the thorax.\nUltrasonography revealed splenic-caval shunts in 24\ndogs, right gastric-caval shunts in 9 dogs, splenic-azygos\nshunts in 8 dogs, and a right gastric-azygos shunt\nin 1 dog.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results suggest\nthat ultrasonography is a reliable diagnostic\nmethod to noninvasively characterize the underlying\ndisease in dogs with hyperammonemia. A dilated left\ntesticular or ovarian vein was a reliable indicator of\nacquired portosystemic shunts. 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