{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T02:07:26Z","timestamp":1793498846901,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To characterize the normal ultrasonographic\nappearance of the podotrochlear apparatus in\nhorses by use of standardized measurements and\nidentify soft tissue changes associated with navicular\nsyndrome.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prospective study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20147 clinically normal horses and 28 horses\nwith navicular syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014The feasibility of identifying and measuring\nthe soft tissue structures of the podotrochlear\napparatus ultrasonographically via the transcuneal\napproach was assessed in 2 additional horses without\nnavicular syndrome; both horses were euthanatized,\nand the structures identified ultrasonographically\nwere confirmed at necropsy. Ultrasonographs were\nobtained in the study horses. Objective and subjective\ndata were obtained to characterize ultrasonographic\nchanges associated with navicular syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Abnormalities of the flexor surface of the\ndistal sesamoid (navicular) bone, the impar ligament,\nthe distal digital annular ligament, deep digital flexor\ntendon (DDFT), and the podotrochlear (navicular)\nbursa were assessed via the transcuneal ultrasonographic\napproach. No significant differences were\nfound between the measurements of the\npodotrochlear apparatus in normal horses and those\nwith navicular syndrome; however, important subjective\ndifferences were detected ultrasonographically in\nhorses with navicular syndrome. In horses with navicular\nsyndrome, ultrasonographic findings were\nindicative of navicular bursitis, dystrophic mineralization\nof the DDFT and impar ligament, tendonitis and\ninsertional tenopathy of the DDFT, desmitis of the\nimpar ligament, and cortical changes in the flexor surface\nof the navicular bone.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Findings of\nultrasonographic evaluation of the hoof appear to be\nuseful in determining the cause of caudal heel pain and\ncharacterizing the components of navicular syndrome\nin horses. (<jats:italic>J Am Vet Med Assoc<\/jats:italic> 2004;225:1881\u20131888)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.225.1881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,7]],"date-time":"2006-07-07T17:49:07Z","timestamp":1152294547000},"page":"1881-1888","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Assessment of the ultrasonographic characteristics of the podotrochlear apparatus in clinically normal horses and horses with navicular syndrome"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"225","author":[{"given":"Jeevrah S.","family":"Grewal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott R.","family":"McClure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry C.","family":"Booth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie S.","family":"Caston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_152","first-page":"499","author":"Stashak TS","year":"1987","journal-title":"Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger"},{"key":"p_2_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30607-7","volume":"5","author":"Turner TA","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"p_3_154","first-page":"537","author":"Stashak TS.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Philedelpia: WB Saunders Co"},{"key":"p_4_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02999.x","volume":"25","author":"Wright IM","year":"1993","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"p_5_156","first-page":"413","author":"Turner TA","year":"1990","journal-title":"Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co"},{"key":"p_6_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.198.01.73","volume":"198","author":"Trout DR","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"p_7_158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1993.tb02029.x"},{"key":"p_8_159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(05)80014-0"},{"key":"p_9_160","unstructured":"Turner TA. Use of navicular bursography in 97 horses, in Proceedings. 44th Annu Conv Am Assoc Equine Pract 1998;227-229."},{"key":"p_10_161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00983.x"},{"key":"p_11_162","unstructured":"Sage AM, Turner TA. Ultrasonography in the horse with palmar foot pain: 13 cases, in Proceedings. 46th Annu Conv Am Assoc Equine Pract 2000;380-381."},{"key":"p_12_163","first-page":"475","author":"Denoix JM","year":"1998","journal-title":"Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Co"},{"key":"p_13_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0737-0806(82)80012-9","volume":"2","author":"Hauser ML","year":"1982","journal-title":"Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"p_14_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30737-X","volume":"2","author":"Hauser ML","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"p_15_166","first-page":"190","volume":"5","author":"Kristoffersen M","year":"2003","journal-title":"Equine Vet Educ"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/225\/12\/javma.2004.225.1881.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/225\/12\/javma.2004.225.1881.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/225\/12\/javma.2004.225.1881.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:57:22Z","timestamp":1741355842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/225\/12\/javma.2004.225.1881.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,15]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.2004.225.1881","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,15]]}}}