{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:25:52Z","timestamp":1790555152808,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To identify environmental risk factors for\nleptospirosis.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201436 dogs with leptospirosis and 138 dogs\nseronegative for leptospirosis as determined by\nmicroscopic agglutination test for antibodies against\n<jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Medical records of dogs evaluated for\nleptospirosis from 1997 though 2002 were identified.\nOwner address was used to geocode locations of\ndogs, and location-specific environmental risk factor\ndata were obtained by use of a geographic information\nsystem. Risk of leptospirosis was estimated by\nodds ratios, controlling for potential confounding by\ndog age, sex, and breed.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Leptospirosis in 19 of the 30 dogs in which\nan infecting <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> serovar could be identified\nwas associated with <jats:italic>Leptospira kirschneri<\/jats:italic> serovar\ngrippotyphosa infection. Dogs in which a diagnosis of\nleptospirosis was made, and dogs with leptospirosis\ncaused by <jats:italic>L kirschneri<\/jats:italic> serovar grippotyphosa, were\nmore likely to have addresses located in areas classified\nas rural in 1990 but urban in 2000. By use of information\non recent urbanization and a logistic regression\nmodel, the status of 81.6% and 89.8% of dogs\nwith leptospirosis and leptospirosis caused by serovar\ngrippotyphosa, respectively, were correctly classified.\nOther environmental variables (proximity to streams,\nrecreational areas, farmland, wetlands, areas subject\nto flooding, and areas with poor drainage; annual rainfall;\nand county cattle or pig population) did not significantly\nimprove accuracy of classification.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Dogs in periurban\nareas are at greater risk of leptospirosis.\nVaccination of dogs in these areas to protect against\nleptospirosis should be considered. 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