{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:19:28Z","timestamp":1790857168304,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To describe an outbreak of encephalomyelitis\ncaused by West Nile virus (WNV) in horses in\nnorthern Indiana.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Case series.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014170 horses.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Horses with clinical signs suggestive of\nencephalomyelitis caused by WNV were examined.\nDate, age, sex, breed, and survival status were recorded.\nSerum samples were tested for anti-WNV antibodies,\nand virus isolation was attempted from samples of\nbrain tissue. Climate data from local weather recording\nstations were collected. An epidemic curve was constructed,\nand case fatality rate was calculated.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014The most common clinical signs were ataxia,\nhind limb paresis, and muscle tremors and fasciculations.\nEight horses had been vaccinated against WNV from 2 to\n21 days prior to the appearance of clinical signs. West\nNile virus was isolated from brain tissue of 2 nonvaccinated\nhorses, and anti-WNV IgM antibodies were detected\nin 132 nonvaccinated horses; in 2 other nonvaccinated\nhorses, anti-WNV antibodies were detected and WNV\nwas also isolated from brain tissue. Thirty-one (22.8%)\nhorses died or were euthanatized. The peak of the outbreak\noccurred on September 6, 2002. Ambient temperatures\nwere significantly lower after the peak of the outbreak,\ncompared with prior to the peak.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014The peak risk\nperiod for encephalomyelitis caused by WNV in northern\nIndiana was mid-August to mid-September. Reduction in\ncases coincided with decreasing ambient temperatures.\nBecause of a substantial case fatality rate, owners of\nhorses in northern Indiana should have their horses fully\nprotected by vaccination against WNV before June. In\nother regions of the United States with a defined mosquito\nbreeding season, vaccination of previously nonvaccinated\nhorses should commence at least 4 months\nbefore the anticipated peak in seasonal mosquito numbers,\nand for previously vaccinated horses, vaccine\nshould be administered no later than 2 months before\nthis time. (<jats:italic>J Am Vet Med Assoc<\/jats:italic> 2004;225:84\u201389)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.225.84","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,21]],"date-time":"2005-12-21T13:03:43Z","timestamp":1135170223000},"page":"84-89","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Investigation of an outbreak of encephalomyelitis caused by West Nile virus in 136 horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"225","author":[{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Ward","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. Leon","family":"Thacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Ash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra K. L.","family":"Norman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George E.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul W.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0704.017427","volume":"7","author":"Trock SC","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"p_2_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0704.017412","volume":"7","author":"Ostlund EN","year":"2001","journal-title":"United States. Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"p_3_188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.222.1241"},{"key":"p_4_189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516400777612080"},{"key":"p_5_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990505","volume":"5","author":"Hubalek Z","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"p_6_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1963.11686194","volume":"57","author":"Schmidt JR","year":"1963","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"p_7_192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.1576"},{"key":"p_8_193","unstructured":"Indiana Agricultural Statistics Service. Indiana equine summary. Available at: www.nass.usda.gov\/in\/equine\/equine.htm. Accessed Jun 10, 2003."},{"key":"p_9_194","unstructured":"United States Geological Survey. Available at: www.usgs.gov. Accessed Jun 12, 2003."},{"key":"p_10_195","unstructured":"National Climate Data Center. Daily Surface Data. Available at: www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/oa\/ncdc.html. Accessed Jun 12, 2003."},{"key":"p_11_196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(00)00133-1"},{"key":"p_12_197","unstructured":"Computer-aided learning in veterinary education. WinEpiscope, version 2, Available at: www.clive.ed.ac.uk\/winepiscope\/. Accessed Jun 30, 2000."},{"key":"p_13_198","unstructured":"Center for Advanced Applications in GIS, Purdue University. County and state roads in Indiana. Available at: www:\\\\pasture\\abegis\\indiana\\address_roads\\indiana_roads_u.shp. Accessed Feb 20, 2003."},{"key":"p_14_199","unstructured":"Center for Advanced Applications in GIS, Purdue University. Counties of Indiana. Available at: www:\\\\pasture\\abegis\\ indiana\\address_roads\\ indiana_roads_u.shp. Accessed Feb 20, 2003."},{"key":"p_15_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0704.017417","volume":"7","author":"Murgue B","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"p_16_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.151.2.47","volume":"151","author":"Steinman A","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"p_17_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0808.010486","volume":"8","author":"Durand B","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"p_18_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.19.1.1211","volume":"19","author":"Mellor PS","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"p_19_204","unstructured":"Long MT, Ostlund EN, Porter MB, etal Equine West Nile encephalitis: epidemiological and clinical review for practitioners, in Proceedings. 48th Annu Conf Am Assoc Equine Pract 2002;48:1-6."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/225\/1\/javma.2004.225.84.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/225\/1\/javma.2004.225.84.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/225\/1\/javma.2004.225.84.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:40:19Z","timestamp":1741354819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/225\/1\/javma.2004.225.84.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.2004.225.84","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]]}}}