{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T11:04:04Z","timestamp":1781521444728,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine clinical features, diagnostic\nimaging abnormalities, underlying disease, disease\nprogression, and outcome in dogs with bilateral cavernous\nsinus syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20146 dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Dogs were included if clinical signs consistent\nwith bilateral cavernous sinus syndrome (ie,\ndeficits of the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves\nand at least 1 of the first 2 branches of the fifth cranial\nnerve) were present and a lesion of the cavernous\nsinus was identified by means of diagnostic imaging\nor postmortem examination.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u20145 dogs were evaluated because of problems\nreferable to abnormal ocular motility or pupillomotor\ndysfunction, and 1 dog was evaluated because\nof partial motor seizures involving the face and bilateral\nmydriasis. Four dogs had neurologic signs referable\nto an extrasinusoidal lesion at the time of initial\nexamination, and the remaining 2 dogs eventually\ndeveloped extrasinusoidal signs. Besides neuroanatomic\nlocation, the only consistent neuroimaging\nfeature was variably intense, heterogeneous\nenhancement of cavernous sinus lesions. Neoplasia\nwas histologically confirmed as the underlying cause\nin 5 of the dogs and was suspected in the remaining\ndog. Median survival time for the 4 dogs that were\ntreated was 199 days (range, 16 to 392 days).<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results suggest\nthat bilateral cavernous sinus syndrome is rare in\ndogs but should be suspected in dogs with compatible\nclinical signs. Affected dogs have a poor prognosis, and\ndogs with clinical signs of bilateral cavernous sinus syndrome\nshould be systematically evaluated for neoplastic\ndisease. 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