{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T16:54:55Z","timestamp":1789664095376,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate prognostic factors, survival,\nand treatment protocols for immune-mediated\nhemolytic anemia (IMHA) in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014151 dogs with IMHA not associated with\nunderlying infectious or neoplastic disease.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Information recorded from review of medical\nrecords included signalment at the time of initial\nevaluation; vaccination history; 30-, 60-, and 365-day follow-up outcomes; laboratory data; results of imaging\nstudies; and necropsy findings. Dogs were grouped\naccording to the presence of spherocytes, autoagglutination,\na regenerative erythrocyte response, and treatments\nreceived (azathioprine, azathioprine plus ultralowdose\naspirin, azathioprine plus mixed\u2013molecular-weight\nheparin [mHEP], or azathioprine plus ultralow-dose\naspirin plus mHEP) for comparisons. All dogs received\nglucocorticoids.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cocker Spaniels, Miniature Schnauzers,\nneutered dogs, and female dogs were overrepresented.\nAlterations in certain clinicopathologic variables were\nassociated with increased mortality rate. Rates of survival\nfollowing treatment with azathioprine, azathioprine\nplus ultralow-dose aspirin, azathioprine plus mHEP, and\nazathioprine plus ultralow-dose aspirin plus mHEP were\n74%, 88%, 23%, and 70%, respectively, at hospital discharge;\n57%, 82%, 17%, and 67%, respectively, at 30\ndays; and 45%, 69%, 17%, and 64%, respectively, at 1\nyear. In comparison, mean survival rates at discharge\nand at 30 days and 1 year after evaluation collated from\n7 published reviews of canine IMHA were 57%, 58%,\nand 34%, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Treatment\nwith a combination of glucocorticoids, azathioprine,\nand ultralow-dose aspirin significantly improved short-and\nlong-term survival in dogs with IMHA. 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