{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T01:05:42Z","timestamp":1793840742437,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To compare neutralizing antibody response\nbetween horses vaccinated against West Nile virus\n(WNV) and horses that survived naturally occurring\ninfection.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cross-sectional observational study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014187 horses vaccinated with a killed WNV vaccine\nand 37 horses with confirmed clinical WNV infection.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Serum was collected from vaccinated\nhorses prior to and 4 to 6 weeks after completion of\nan initial vaccination series (2 doses) and 5 to 7\nmonths later. Serum was collected from affected\nhorses 4 to 6 weeks after laboratory diagnosis of\ninfection and 5 to 7 months after the first sample was\nobtained. The IgM capture ELISA, plaque reduction\nneutralization test (PRNT), and microtiter virus neutralization\ntest were used.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014All affected horses had PRNT titers \u2265 1:100 at\n4 to 6 weeks after onset of disease, and 90% (18\/20)\nmaintained this titer for 5 to 7 months. After the second\nvaccination, 67% of vaccinated horses had PRNT titers\n\u2265 1:100 and 14% had titers &lt; 1:10. Five to 7 months\nlater, 33% (28\/84) of vaccinated horses had PRNT titers\n\u2265 1:100, whereas 29% (24\/84) had titers &lt; 1:10.\nVaccinated and clinically affected horses' end point\ntiters had decreased by 5 to 7 months after vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014A portion of\nhorses vaccinated against WNV may respond poorly.\nVaccination every 6 months may be indicated in certain\nhorses and in areas of high vector activity. Other\npreventative methods such as mosquito control are\nwarranted to prevent WNV infection in horses. (<jats:italic>J Am\nVet Med Assoc<\/jats:italic> 2005;226:240\u2013245)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,21]],"date-time":"2005-12-21T15:32:57Z","timestamp":1135179177000},"page":"240-245","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Immunologic responses to West Nile virus in vaccinated and clinically affected horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"226","author":[{"given":"Ann H.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josie L.","family":"Traub-Dargatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Racquel M.","family":"Rodeheaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen N.","family":"Ostlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas D.","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron G.","family":"Moorhead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe B.","family":"Stricklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renee D.","family":"Dewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan D.","family":"Roach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara J.","family":"Albers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Callan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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