{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T08:58:04Z","timestamp":1776416284738,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To estimate prevalence of canine hip dysplasia\n(CHD) in Golden Retrievers and Rottweilers and\nidentify sources of bias in published reports.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prospective study. <\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014200 clinically normal Golden Retrievers and\n140 clinically normal Rottweilers between 24 and 60\nmonths of age referred for hip evaluation (group 1) and\n93 clinically normal dogs evaluated for Orthopedic\nFoundation for Animals (OFA) hip certification (group 2).<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Hip-extended pelvic radiographs from\ngroup 1 dogs were screened for CHD. Radiographs\nwere evaluated twice; the first interpretation used an\nOFA-type subjective 7-point scoring system, and the\nsecond included the caudolateral curvilinear osteophyte\nas an additional sign of degenerative joint disease.\nThe OFA submission rate of group 2 dogs was\ndetermined from the number of official reports\nreturned from the OFA.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prevalence of CHD in Golden Retrievers\nranged from 53% to 73% and in Rottweilers ranged\nfrom 41% to 69%. Among dogs referred for OFA evaluation,\nradiographs from 49 (53%) were submitted to\nOFA. Of submitted radiographs, 45 (92%) were normal;\nof radiographs not submitted, 22 (50%) were\nnormal. Radiographs with normal-appearing hips\nwere 8.2 times as likely to be submitted to the OFA.\nCompared with Golden Retrievers, Rottweiler radiographs\nwere significantly more likely to be submitted\nfor OFA certification.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prevalence of\nCHD in these 2 breeds may be much higher than previously\nreported in the United States. Results suggest\nsubstantial bias in the OFA database, which causes\nlower estimates of prevalence of CHD. 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