{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T17:08:14Z","timestamp":1789924094084,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine prevalence of ownerdirected\naggression and identify associated environmental\nand genetic factors in English Springer\nSpaniels.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prevalence survey.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20141,053 adult English Springer Spaniels.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014A mail survey was sent to 2,400 randomly\nselected owners of adult American Kennel\nClub-registered English Springer Spaniels. Dogs with\na history of aggression to family members and familiar\nhumans were compared with dogs without such a\nhistory.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u20141,053 questionnaires (56.1% of the\n1,877 delivered) were completed. A history of\nowner-directed growling or more intense aggression\nwas reported in 510 (48.4%) dogs. Two hundred\nseventy-seven (26.3%) dogs had bitten a\nhuman in the past; 65.2% of bites were directed at\nfamiliar (owner or nonowner) adults and children.\nVariables associated with owner-directed aggression\nincluded sex of dog (male), neuter status\n(neutered, regardless of sex), show or bench lines,\nage &gt; 4 years, aggression to unfamiliar adults and\nchildren, acquisition from a hobby breeder, less\nresponsiveness to obedience cues, and a specific\nkennel and 1 popular sire from that kennel in a 4-\ngeneration pedigree.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Owner-directed\naggression in adult English Springer Spaniels was associated\nwith a number of environmental, sex-related, and\ninherited factors. To reduce the risk of aggression,\nprospective owners might seek a female, hunting-type\nEnglish Springer Spaniel from an experienced breeder.\nHowever, because risk factors are broad and varied,\nthere are limitations to the extent to which behavior can\nbe predicted and further study is needed of the inheritance\nof aggression in this breed. 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