{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T17:58:02Z","timestamp":1789408682239,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate the effectiveness of intervention\nefforts to halt 2 wildlife rabies epizootics from\n1995 through 2003, including 9 oral rabies vaccination\ncampaigns for coyotes and 8 oral rabies vaccination\ncampaigns for gray foxes.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201498 coyotes during prevaccination surveillance\nand 963 coyotes and 104 nontarget animals during\npostvaccination surveillance in south Texas, and\n699 gray foxes and 561 nontarget animals during\npostvaccination surveillance in west-central Texas.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014A recombinant-virus oral rabies vaccine\nin edible baits was distributed by aircraft for consumption\nby coyotes and gray foxes. Bait acceptance\nwas monitored by use of microscopic analysis of\ntetracycline biomarker in upper canine teeth and\nassociated bone structures in animals collected for\nsurveillance. Serologic responses were monitored by\ntesting sera for rabies virus\u2013neutralizing antibodies by\nuse of the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. The\nincidence of rabies in the distribution area was recorded\nvia active and passive surveillance activities; tracking\nof rabies virus variants in confirmed rabid animals\nwas used to determine the number and type of rabies\ncases before and after distributions of the vaccine.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014The expansion of both epizootics was halted\nas a result of the vaccine bait program. The number\nof laboratory-confirmed rabid animals attributable\nto the domestic dog-coyote rabies virus variant in\nsouth Texas declined to 0, whereas the number of laboratory-\nconfirmed rabid animals attributable to the\nTexas fox rabies virus variant in west-central Texas\ndecreased.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Data indicated\nthat oral rabies vaccination resulted in protective immunity\nin a sufficient percentage of the target wildlife population\nto preclude propagation of the disease and provided\nan effective means of controlling rabies in these\nspecies. 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