{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:28:15Z","timestamp":1787840895740,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642204800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To describe a modified approach to closed anal sacculectomy and report the short-term outcomes of dogs that underwent the procedure for treatment of neoplasia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>16 client-owned dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Medical records of 1 referral hospital were reviewed to identify dogs that underwent modified closed anal sacculectomy for treatment of anal sac neoplasia between January 2018 and September 2020. Data collected included signalment, examination and diagnostic imaging findings, surgical details, intraoperative and postoperative complications, cytologic and histologic findings, adjuvant treatments, duration of follow-up, and short-term outcome.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>15 dogs had apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma, and 1 had a collision tumor. No dogs had intraoperative complications; 1 dog had a minor postoperative complication (paraparesis) that resolved. The median duration of postoperative follow-up was 286 days (range, 67 to 777 days). One dog had confirmed local disease recurrence 290 days after surgery, and 1 had suspected local disease recurrence 203 days after surgery and was euthanized because of systemic disease progression.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s005\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The modified closed anal sacculectomy was well tolerated in this sample of dogs, with minimal short-term complications. This study provided evidence to justify evaluation of the procedure in a larger number of dogs and assessment of the effects of procedural modifications on postoperative complication rates and time to local recurrence.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.21.01.0008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T21:26:33Z","timestamp":1639603593000},"page":"S59-S64","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Minimal complications observed with a modified surgical approach for treatment of canine anal sac neoplasia"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"260","author":[{"given":"Carolyn L.","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janis M.","family":"Lapsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Selmic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1347","article-title":"Diseases and therapy of the anal sacs of the dog","volume":"141","year":"1962","unstructured":"Baker E. Diseases and therapy of the anal sacs of the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1962;141:1347\u20131350."},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine","first-page":"1505","article-title":"Diseases of the rectum and anus","year":"1975","unstructured":"Greiner T, Johnson R, Betts C. Diseases of the rectum and anus. In: Ettinger S, ed. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2nd ed. Saunders; 1975:1505\u20131508."},{"issue":"5","key":"B3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"662","article-title":"Open versus closed bilateral anal sacculectomy for treatment of non-neoplastic anal sac disease in dogs: 95 cases (1969\u20131994)","volume":"221","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hill LN, Smeak DD. Open versus closed bilateral anal sacculectomy for treatment of non-neoplastic anal sac disease in dogs: 95 cases (1969\u20131994). 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Saunders; 1993:627\u2013645."},{"key":"B7","series-title":"Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal","first-page":"1783","article-title":"Rectum, anus, and perineum","volume":"Vol 2","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baines SJ, Aronson LR. Rectum, anus, and perineum. In: Tobias KM, Johnston SA, eds. Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal. Vol 2. 2nd ed. Elsevier; 2018:1783\u20131827."},{"key":"B8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1030","article-title":"Silicone sealant for preoperative packing of canine anal sacs","volume":"156","year":"1970","unstructured":"Frye FL, Hoeft DJ, Cucuel JP, et al. Silicone sealant for preoperative packing of canine anal sacs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1970;156:1030\u20131031."},{"issue":"10","key":"B9","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Vet","first-page":"E9","article-title":"Anal sacculectomy","volume":"30","year":"2008","unstructured":"MacPhail C. Anal sacculectomy. 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Can Vet J. 2019;60(6):601\u2013604."},{"issue":"5","key":"B12","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"395","article-title":"Use of a Foley catheter to facilitate anal sac removal in the dog","volume":"34","year":"1998","unstructured":"Downs MO, Stampley AR. Use of a Foley catheter to facilitate anal sac removal in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1998;34(5):395\u2013397."},{"issue":"1","key":"B13","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"61","article-title":"A systematic review of criteria used to report complications in soft tissue and oncologic surgical clinical research studies in dogs and cats","volume":"49","year":"2020","unstructured":"Follette CM, Giuffrida MA, Balsa IM, et al. A systematic review of criteria used to report complications in soft tissue and oncologic surgical clinical research studies in dogs and cats. Vet Surg. 2020;49(1):61\u201369."},{"issue":"7","key":"B14","series-title":"World J Surg","first-page":"1663","article-title":"Definition and classification of intraoperative complications (CLASSIC): Delphi study and pilot evaluation","volume":"39","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rosenthal R, Hoffmann H, Clavien PA, et al. Definition and classification of intraoperative complications (CLASSIC): Delphi study and pilot evaluation. World J Surg. 2015;39(7):1663\u20131671."},{"issue":"2","key":"B15","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"177","article-title":"The accordion severity grading system of surgical complications","volume":"250","year":"2009","unstructured":"Strasberg SM, Linehan DC, Hawkins WG. The accordion severity grading system of surgical complications. 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Outcome and clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical factors associated with prognosis for dogs with early-stage anal sac adenocarcinoma treated with surgery alone: 34 cases (2002\u20132013). 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