{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:49:25Z","timestamp":1777927765845,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CASE DESCRIPTION<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A 2-year-old intact male Mini Lop rabbit (<jats:italic>Oryctolagus cuniculus<\/jats:italic>) exhibited acute paraplegia and was suspected of having a traumatic spinal injury after leaping from the owner\u2019s arms.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL FINDINGS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In the physical examination, the patient was conscious and responsive and presented a loss of hind-limb motor function. The results of the neurologic examination indicated a T3-L3 spinal cord lesion. Vertebral column radiography and CT showed a fracture of the dorsal arch in the right caudal part of vertebra L1 and a fracture of the caudal end plate of vertebra L1 without displacement.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>TREATMENT AND OUTCOME<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The vertebral fracture was stabilized by a monolateral external fixator placed percutaneously with fluoroscopy guidance. The rabbit was discharged 48 hours after surgery. Three days later, the rabbit was able to walk with mild paraparesis, and 2 weeks after surgery, the rabbit showed full recovery of neurologic function. The follow-up performed 6 weeks after surgery showed normal gait, good alignment and complete consolidation of the fracture. The external fixator was then removed. The follow-up examination and radiographic findings showed complete recovery at 2 and 6 months after surgery.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The most common cause of traumatic posterior paralysis in rabbits is vertebral fracture. This article describes the possibility and successful outcome of stabilizing a vertebral fracture in a rabbit with an external fixator using a minimally invasive fluoroscopic technique. This technique, described to the authors\u2019 knowledge for the first time in a rabbit, allows a fracture to be stabilized accurately without any incisions while minimizing complications and postoperative pain.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.21.03.0137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T12:54:37Z","timestamp":1648212877000},"page":"1-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Stabilization of a vertebral fracture by a monolateral external fixator placed percutaneously with fluoroscopy guidance in a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"260","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Rosas-Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exotics Surgery and Medicine Service, Centre Hospitalier V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Advetia, V\u00e9lizy-Villacoublay, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Paoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exotics Surgery and Medicine Service, Centre Hospitalier V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Advetia, V\u00e9lizy-Villacoublay, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Quinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exotics Surgery and Medicine Service, Centre Hospitalier V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Advetia, V\u00e9lizy-Villacoublay, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Rossetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery Service, Centre Hospitalier V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Advetia, V\u00e9lizy-Villacoublay, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Exotic animal formulary.","author":"Carpenter JW","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carpenter JW, Marion CJ. Exotic animal formulary. 5th ed. Elsevier; 2018."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc.","first-page":"340","article-title":"Surgical treatment of a paraspinal abscess with osteomyelitis and spinal cord compression in a rabbit","volume":"251","author":"Crawford AH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Crawford AH, Hedley JE, Lam R, Dro\u017cd\u017cy\u0144ska MJ, De Decker S. Surgical treatment of a paraspinal abscess with osteomyelitis and spinal cord compression in a rabbit. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2017;251(3):340\u2013344."},{"issue":"7","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc.","first-page":"830","article-title":"Surgical management of vertebral synovial cysts in a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","volume":"244","author":"Delamaide Gasper JA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Delamaide Gasper JA, Rylander H, Mans C, Waller KR III, Imai DM. Surgical management of vertebral synovial cysts in a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2014;244(7):830\u2013834."},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents Clinical Medicine and Surgery.","first-page":"234","article-title":"Neurologic and musculoskeletal diseases","author":"Fisher GP","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fisher GP, K\u00fcnzel F, Rylander H. Neurologic and musculoskeletal diseases. In: Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, eds. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents Clinical Medicine and Surgery. 4th ed. Elsevier Saunders; 2020:234\u2013247."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref5","series-title":"J Exot Pet Med.","first-page":"172","article-title":"Medical management of multiple traumatic vertebral subluxations and fractures in a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","volume":"21","author":"McCullough AW","year":"2012","unstructured":"McCullough AW, Guzman DSM, Keller D,  Medical management of multiple traumatic vertebral subluxations and fractures in a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Exot Pet Med. 2012;21(2):172\u2013180."},{"issue":"355 suppl","key":"ref6","series-title":"Clin Orthop Rel Res.","first-page":"S56","article-title":"Experimental models of fracture repair","author":"Nunamaker DM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nunamaker DM. Experimental models of fracture repair. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1998;(355 suppl):S56\u2013S65."},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents Clinical Medicine and Surgery.","first-page":"483","article-title":"Orthopedics in small mammals","author":"Guzman DSM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guzman DSM, Kapatkin AS. Orthopedics in small mammals. In: Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, eds. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents Clinical Medicine and Surgery. 4th ed. Elsevier Saunders, 2020;483\u2013497."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Exot Pet Med.","first-page":"21","article-title":"Neurological diseases of rabbits and rodents","volume":"24","author":"Meredith AL","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meredith AL, Richardson J. Neurological diseases of rabbits and rodents. J Exot Pet Med. 2015;24(1):21\u201333."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc.","first-page":"457","article-title":"Outcome of limb fracture repair in rabbits: 139 cases (2007\u20132015)","volume":"252","author":"Sasai H","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sasai H, Fujita D, Seto E,  Outcome of limb fracture repair in rabbits: 139 cases (2007\u20132015). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2018;252(4):457\u2013463.29393732"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract.","first-page":"46","article-title":"Presentation, treatment and outcome of long-bone fractures in pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","volume":"61","author":"Garcia-Pertierra S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garcia-Pertierra S, Ryan J, Richardson J,  Presentation, treatment and outcome of long-bone fractures in pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Small Anim Pract. 2020;61(1):46\u201350. 31782172"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref11","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract.","first-page":"267","article-title":"Posterior paralysis in the rabbit","volume":"16","author":"Baxter JS","year":"1975","unstructured":"Baxter JS. Posterior paralysis in the rabbit. J Small Anim Pract. 1975;16(4):267\u2013271."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","series-title":"J Comp Pathol.","first-page":"31","article-title":"A retrospective study of neurological disease in 118 rabbits","volume":"140","author":"Gruber A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gruber A, Pakozdy A, Weissenbock H, Csokai J, K\u00fcnzel F. A retrospective study of neurological disease in 118 rabbits. J Comp Pathol. 2009;140(1):31\u201337.19081578"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Veterinary Surgery Small Animals.","first-page":"529","article-title":"Vertebral fractures, luxations, and subluxations","author":"Weh JM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weh JM, Kraus KH. Vertebral fractures, luxations, and subluxations. In: Johnston SA, Tobias KM, eds. Veterinary Surgery Small Animals. 2nd ed. Elsevier Saunders; 2017:529\u2013548."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Clin Exot Anim.","first-page":"731","article-title":"The neurological examination and lesion localization in the companion rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","volume":"10","author":"Vernau KM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vernau KM, Osofsky A, LeCouteur RA. The neurological examination and lesion localization in the companion rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Vet Clin Exot Anim. 2007;10(3):731\u2013758."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref15","series-title":"In Pract.","first-page":"212","article-title":"Common neurological and musculoskeletal problems in rabbits","volume":"28","author":"Keeble E","year":"2006","unstructured":"Keeble E. Common neurological and musculoskeletal problems in rabbits. In Pract. 2006;28(4):212\u2013218."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref16","series-title":"J Exot Pet Med.","first-page":"52","article-title":"Neurologic examination and diagnostic testing in rabbits, ferrets and rodents","volume":"24","author":"Mancinelli E","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mancinelli E. Neurologic examination and diagnostic testing in rabbits, ferrets and rodents. J Exot Pet Med. 2015;24(1):52\u201364."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound.","first-page":"563","article-title":"Radiographic sensitivity and negative predictive value for acute canine spinal trauma","volume":"47","author":"Kinns J","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kinns J, Mai W, Seiler G,  Radiographic sensitivity and negative predictive value for acute canine spinal trauma. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2006;47(6):563\u2013570.17153065"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref18","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract.","first-page":"809","article-title":"Vertebral fracture and luxation in small animals","volume":"40","author":"Jeffery ND","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jeffery ND. Vertebral fracture and luxation in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2010;40(5):809\u2013828.20732593"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref19","series-title":"J Exot Pet Med.","first-page":"217","article-title":"Clinical technique: myelography in rabbits","volume":"20","author":"Whittington JK","year":"2011","unstructured":"Whittington JK, Avery Bennet R. Clinical technique: myelography in rabbits. J Exot Pet Med. 2011;20(3):217\u2013221."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref20","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound.","first-page":"254","article-title":"Evaluation of different computed tomography techniques and myelography for the diagnosis of acute canine myelopathy","volume":"51","author":"Dennison SE","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dennison SE, Drees R, Rylander H,  Evaluation of different computed tomography techniques and myelography for the diagnosis of acute canine myelopathy. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2010;51(3):254\u2013258.20469546"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref21","series-title":"J Trauma.","first-page":"524","article-title":"Variability in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cervical spine injuries","volume":"53","author":"Holmes JF","year":"2002","unstructured":"Holmes JF, Mirvis SE, Panacek EA,  Variability in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cervical spine injuries. J Trauma. 2002;53(3):524\u2013529.12352491"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref22","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract.","first-page":"859","article-title":"Spinal trauma, pathophysiology and management of traumatic spinal injuries","volume":"22","author":"Shores A","year":"1992","unstructured":"Shores A. Spinal trauma, pathophysiology and management of traumatic spinal injuries. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1992;22(4):859\u2013888.1641921"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"World Neurosurg.","first-page":"622","article-title":"The evolution of minimally invasive lumbar spine surgery","volume":"140","author":"Momin AA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Momin AA, Steinmetz MP. The evolution of minimally invasive lumbar spine surgery. World Neurosurg. 2020;140:622\u2013626.32434014"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Minimally invasive surgery.","first-page":"3","author":"Hunter JG","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hunter JG, Sakier JM. Minimally invasive surgery. McGraw-Hill; 1994:3\u20137."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref25","series-title":"Vet Surg.","first-page":"442","article-title":"Closes fluoroscopic-assisted spinal arch external skeletal fixation for the stabilization of vertebral column injuries in five dogs","volume":"36","author":"Wheeler JL","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wheeler JL, Lewis DD, Cross AL, Sereda CW. Closes fluoroscopic-assisted spinal arch external skeletal fixation for the stabilization of vertebral column injuries in five dogs. Vet Surg. 2007;36(5):442\u2013448.17614925"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref26","series-title":"Vet Surg.","first-page":"468","article-title":"A comparison of the accuracy and safety of vertebral body pin placement using a fluoroscopically guided versus an open surgical approach: an in vitro study","volume":"31","author":"Wheeler JL","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wheeler JL, Cross AR, Rapoff AJ. A comparison of the accuracy and safety of vertebral body pin placement using a fluoroscopically guided versus an open surgical approach: an in vitro study. Vet Surg. 2002;31(5):468\u2013474."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref27","series-title":"Spine.","first-page":"347","article-title":"Virtual fluoroscopy: computer-assisted fluoroscopic navigation","volume":"26","author":"Foley KT","year":"2001","unstructured":"Foley KT, Simon DA, Rampersaund YR. Virtual fluoroscopy: computer-assisted fluoroscopic navigation. Spine. 2001;26(4):347\u2013351.11224880"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref28","series-title":"Neurosurgery.","first-page":"872","article-title":"Computer-assisted fluoroscopic targeting system for pedicle screw insertion","volume":"47","author":"Choi WW","year":"2000","unstructured":"Choi WW, Green BA, Levi AD. Computer-assisted fluoroscopic targeting system for pedicle screw insertion. Neurosurgery. 2000;47(4):872\u2013878.11014427"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents Clinical Medicine and Surgery.","first-page":"536","article-title":"Anesthesia, analgesia, and sedation of small mammals","author":"Hwakin MG","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hwakin MG, Pascoe PJ. Anesthesia, analgesia, and sedation of small mammals. In: Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, eds. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents Clinical Medicine and Surgery. 4th ed. Elsevier Saunders; 2020:536\u2013555."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref30","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg.","first-page":"520","article-title":"Peri-anaesthetic mortality and nonfatal gastrointestinal complications in pet rabbits: a retrospective study on 210 cases","volume":"45","author":"Lee HW","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee HW, Machin H, Adami C. Peri-anaesthetic mortality and nonfatal gastrointestinal complications in pet rabbits: a retrospective study on 210 cases. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2018;45(4):520\u2013528."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref31","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg.","first-page":"365","article-title":"The risk of death: the confidential enquiry into perioperative small animal fatalities","volume":"35","author":"Brodbelt DC","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brodbelt DC, Blissitt KJ, Hammond RA,  The risk of death: the confidential enquiry into perioperative small animal fatalities. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2008;35(5):365\u2013373.18466167"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/260\/12\/javma.21.03.0137.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/260\/12\/javma.21.03.0137.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/260\/12\/javma.21.03.0137.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:53:37Z","timestamp":1741352017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/260\/12\/javma.21.03.0137.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.21.03.0137","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]}}}