{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T14:58:48Z","timestamp":1782140328808,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To describe clinical, imaging, gross, and histopathological abnormalities associated with osteochondral necrosis of the femoral condyles in foals and identify features suggestive of a common pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>8 Thoroughbred foals euthanized with a presumptive diagnosis of necrosis of the femoral condyles.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Postmortem CT was performed on all distal femoral epiphyseal samples. The articular epiphyseal cartilage complex (AECC) of affected distal femurs was examined grossly and histologically, focusing on lesions of interest identified on CT images.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>7 foals were between 9 and 23 days old at the time of euthanasia; 1 foal was 85 days old. Concurrent illness (neonatal maladjustment syndrome, neonatal isoerythrolysis, or infection such as enteritis and omphalitis) was diagnosed in 7 foals. The characteristic antemortem radiographic and postmortem CT finding was a crescent-shaped osteochondral flap displaced from the affected medial femoral condyle. Synovial fluid cytology from affected joints was either within normal limits or consistent with mild inflammation. Histologically, all lesions were characterized by osteochondral necrosis and detachment of the AECC. In 6 foals, polymorphonuclear cells were found within growth cartilage canals, representing septic cartilage canals.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Osteochondral necrosis was interpreted to be secondary to bacterial colonization of the distal femoral AECC, evidenced by septic cartilage canals identified in 6 of 8 foals. This uncommon condition was previously thought to arise from an ischemic event, but the disease process was not well understood. An improved understanding of the pathogenesis of osteochondral necrosis is the first step in formulating more successful preventative and treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.21.03.0166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T19:30:28Z","timestamp":1640806228000},"page":"341-349","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Osteochondral necrosis of the femoral condyles in Thoroughbred foals: eight cases (2008\u20132018)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"260","author":[{"given":"Jannah","family":"Pye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Spriet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penny","family":"Dow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Katzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian G.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc.","first-page":"637","article-title":"Lesions of the caudal aspect of the femoral condyles in foals: 20 cases (1980\u20131990)","volume":"202","author":"Hance SR","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hance SR, Schneider RK, Embertson RM, Bramlage LR, Wicks JR. Lesions of the caudal aspect of the femoral condyles in foals: 20 cases (1980\u20131990). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1993;202(4):637\u2013646."},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Color Atlas of Diseases and Disorders of the Foal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-2810-6.50013-8","article-title":"The skeletal system","author":"Rodgerson D","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rodgerson D. The skeletal system. In: McAullife SB, Slovis NM, eds. Color Atlas of Diseases and Disorders of the Foal. Saunders; 2008:224\u2013275.10.1016\/B978-0-7020-2810-6.50013-8"},{"issue":"S41","key":"ref3","series-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00498.x","article-title":"Necrosis of the femoral condyles in a four-week-old foal: clinical, imaging and histopathological features","volume":"44","author":"Haggett EF","year":"2012","unstructured":"Haggett EF, Foote AK, Head MJ, McGladdery AJ, Powell SE. Necrosis of the femoral condyles in a four-week-old foal: clinical, imaging and histopathological features. Equine Vet J Suppl. 2012;44(S41):91\u201395.10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00498.x"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Equine Surgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-48420-6.00086-7","article-title":"Synovial and osseous infection","author":"Richardson DW","year":"2019","unstructured":"Richardson DW, Stewart S. Synovial and osseous infection. In: Auer JA, Stick JA, Kummerle JM, , eds. Equine Surgery. 5th ed. Elsevier; 2019:1458\u20131470.10.1016\/B978-0-323-48420-6.00086-7"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Diagnostic and Surgical Arthroscopy in the Horse","first-page":"175","article-title":"Diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy of the femoropatellar and femorotibial joints","author":"McIlwraith CW","year":"2014","unstructured":"McIlwraith CW, Nixon AJ, Wright IM. Diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy of the femoropatellar and femorotibial joints. In: McIlwraith CW, Nixon AJ, Wright IM, eds. Diagnostic and Surgical Arthroscopy in the Horse. 4th ed. Elsevier; 2014:175\u2013242."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","series-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil Open.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocarto.2020.100029","article-title":"Maturation of the equine medial femoral condyle osteochondral unit","volume":"2","author":"Lemirre T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lemirre T, Santschi EM, Girard CA,  Maturation of the equine medial femoral condyle osteochondral unit. Osteoarthr Cartil Open. 2020;2(1):100029. doi: 10.1016\/j.ocarto.2020.10002910.1016\/j.ocarto.2020.100029"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13486","article-title":"Microstructural features of subchondral radiolucent lesions in the medial femoral condyle of juvenile Thoroughbreds: a microcomputed tomography and histological analysis","author":"Lemirre T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lemirre T, Santschi EM, Girard CA,  Microstructural features of subchondral radiolucent lesions in the medial femoral condyle of juvenile Thoroughbreds: a microcomputed tomography and histological analysis. Equine Vet J. Published online June 12, 2021. doi: 10.1111\/evj.1348610.1111\/evj.13486"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/EVJ.13432\/v3\/response1","article-title":"Radiological, vascular osteochondrosis occurs in the distal tarsus, and may cause osteoarthritis","author":"Sigurdsson SF","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sigurdsson SF, Olstad K, Ley CJ,  Radiological, vascular osteochondrosis occurs in the distal tarsus, and may cause osteoarthritis. Equine Vet J. Published online February 3, 2021. doi: 10.1111\/evj.1343210.1111\/EVJ.13432\/v3\/response1"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Guide for Veterinary Service and Judging of Equestrian Events","year":"1991","unstructured":"American Association of Equine Practitioners. Guide for Veterinary Service and Judging of Equestrian Events. 4th ed. American Association of Equine Practitioners; 1991."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Pathol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815588778","article-title":"An update on the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis","volume":"52","author":"Olstad K","year":"2015","unstructured":"Olstad K, Ekman S, Carlson CS. An update on the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis. Vet Pathol. 2015;52(5):785\u2013802.10.1177\/0300985815588778"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","series-title":"Res Vet Sci.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)30653-2","article-title":"Cartilage thickness measurement in foals","volume":"42","author":"Firth EC","year":"1987","unstructured":"Firth EC, Greydanus Y. Cartilage thickness measurement in foals. Res Vet Sci. 1987;42(1):35\u201346.10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)30653-2"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Biofilms and Veterinary Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21289-5_7","article-title":"Osteomyelitis in the veterinary species","author":"Clegg PD","year":"2011","unstructured":"Clegg PD. Osteomyelitis in the veterinary species. In: Percival S, Knottenbelt D, Cochrane C, eds. Biofilms and Veterinary Medicine. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2011:175\u2013190.10.1007\/978-3-642-21289-5_7"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer\u2019s Pathology of Domestic Animals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-5317-7.00002-3","article-title":"Bones and joints","volume":"Vol 1","author":"Craig LE","year":"2016","unstructured":"Craig LE, Dittmer KE, Thompson KG. Bones and joints. In: Maxie MG, ed. Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer\u2019s Pathology of Domestic Animals. Vol 1. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2016:132.10.1016\/B978-0-7020-5317-7.00002-3"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"GMS Interdiscip Plast Reconstr Surg DGPW.","first-page":"doc08","article-title":"Histopathological Osteomyelitis Evaluation Score (HOES) - an innovative approach to histopathological diagnostics and scoring of osteomyelitis","volume":"3","author":"Tiemann A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tiemann A, Hofmann GO, Krukemeyer MG, Krenn V, Langwald S. Histopathological Osteomyelitis Evaluation Score (HOES) - an innovative approach to histopathological diagnostics and scoring of osteomyelitis. GMS Interdiscip Plast Reconstr Surg DGPW. 2014;3:doc08. doi: 10.3205\/iprs000049"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Pathol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985818777786","article-title":"Septic arthritis\/osteomyelitis may lead to osteochondrosis-like lesions in foals","volume":"55","author":"Wormstrand B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wormstrand B, \u00d8stevik L, Ekman S, Olstad K. Septic arthritis\/osteomyelitis may lead to osteochondrosis-like lesions in foals. Vet Pathol. 2018;55(5):693\u2013702.10.1177\/0300985818777786"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref16","series-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.03.010","article-title":"Crossing the wall: the opening of endothelial cell junctions during infectious diseases","volume":"45","author":"Razakandrainibe R","year":"2013","unstructured":"Razakandrainibe R, Combes V, Grau GE, Jambou R. Crossing the wall: the opening of endothelial cell junctions during infectious diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2013;45(7):1165\u20131173.10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.03.010"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref17","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1998.tb02129.x","article-title":"The sepsis-coagulant axis: a review","volume":"12","author":"Weiss DJ","year":"1998","unstructured":"Weiss DJ, Rashid J. The sepsis-coagulant axis: a review. J Vet Intern Med. 1998;12(5):317\u2013324.10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1998.tb02129.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref18","series-title":"BMC Vet Res.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1726-3","article-title":"Prevalence of osteochondral lesions in the fetlock and hock joints of Standardbred horses that survived bacterial infection before 6 months of age","volume":"14","author":"Hendrickson EHS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hendrickson EHS, Lykkjen S, Dolvik NI, Olstad K. Prevalence of osteochondral lesions in the fetlock and hock joints of Standardbred horses that survived bacterial infection before 6 months of age. BMC Vet Res. 2018;14(1):390. doi: 10.1186\/s12917-018-1726-3 10.1186\/s12917-018-1726-3"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Proceedings of the American Quarter Horse Association Developmental Orthopedic Disease Symposium","first-page":"3","article-title":"Pathologic manifestations of osteochondrosis.","author":"Pool RR","year":"1986","unstructured":"Pool RR. Pathologic manifestations of osteochondrosis. In: Proceedings of the American Quarter Horse Association Developmental Orthopedic Disease Symposium. American Quarter Horse Association; 1986:3\u20137."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref20","series-title":"Vet Pathol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589503200605","article-title":"Osteochondrosis of the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex in young horses: evidence for a defect in cartilage canal blood supply","volume":"32","author":"Carlson CS","year":"1995","unstructured":"Carlson CS, Cullins LD, Meuten DJ. Osteochondrosis of the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex in young horses: evidence for a defect in cartilage canal blood supply. Vet Pathol. 1995;32(6):641\u2013647.10.1177\/030098589503200605"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref21","series-title":"Vet Pathol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985811398250","article-title":"Early lesions of articular osteochondrosis in the distal femur of foals","volume":"48","author":"Olstad K","year":"2011","unstructured":"Olstad K, Ytrehus B, Ekman S, Carlson CS, Dolvik NI. Early lesions of articular osteochondrosis in the distal femur of foals. Vet Pathol. 2011;48(6):1165\u20131175.10.1177\/0300985811398250"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref22","series-title":"Equine Vet J.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X300269","article-title":"Epiphyseal cartilage canal blood supply to the distal femur of foals","volume":"40","author":"Olstad K","year":"2008","unstructured":"Olstad K, Ytrehus B, Ekman S, Carlson CS, Dolvik NI. Epiphyseal cartilage canal blood supply to the distal femur of foals. Equine Vet J. 2008;40(5):433\u2013439.10.2746\/042516408X300269"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","series-title":"Anat Rec.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091730107","article-title":"Cartilage canals, their morphology and distribution","volume":"173","author":"Wilsman NJ","year":"1972","unstructured":"Wilsman NJ, Van Sickle DC. Cartilage canals, their morphology and distribution. Anat Rec. 1972;173(1):79\u201393.10.1002\/ar.1091730107"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","series-title":"J Anat.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12391","article-title":"Discontinuities in the endothelium of epiphyseal cartilage canals and relevance to joint disease in foals","volume":"228","author":"Hellings IR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hellings IR, Ekman S, Hultenby K, Dolvik NI, Olstad K. Discontinuities in the endothelium of epiphyseal cartilage canals and relevance to joint disease in foals. J Anat. 2016;228(1):162\u2013175.10.1111\/joa.12391"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref25","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio).","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2009.00390.x","article-title":"Coagulopathy of the critically ill equine patient","volume":"19","author":"Dallap Schaer BL","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dallap Schaer BL, Epstein K. Coagulopathy of the critically ill equine patient. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2009;19(1):53\u201365.10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2009.00390.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref26","series-title":"N Z Vet J.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1993.35738","article-title":"Vascular characteristics of the cartilage and subchondral bone of the distal radial epiphysis of the young foal","volume":"41","author":"Firth EC","year":"1993","unstructured":"Firth EC, Poulos PW. Vascular characteristics of the cartilage and subchondral bone of the distal radial epiphysis of the young foal. N Z Vet J. 1993;41(2):73\u201377.10.1080\/00480169.1993.35738"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref27","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.68B2.3958014","article-title":"Acute haematogenous osteomyelitis and septic arthritis \u2013 a single disease. An hypothesis based upon the presence of transphyseal blood vessels","volume":"68","author":"Alderson M","year":"1986","unstructured":"Alderson M, Speers D, Emslie K, Nade S. Acute haematogenous osteomyelitis and septic arthritis \u2013 a single disease. An hypothesis based upon the presence of transphyseal blood vessels. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1986;68(2):268\u2013274.10.1302\/0301-620X.68B2.3958014"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref28","series-title":"Experientia.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01940704","article-title":"Articular cartilage canals \u2014 a new pathogenetic mechanism in infectious arthritis","volume":"42","author":"Denecke R","year":"1986","unstructured":"Denecke R, Trautwein G. Articular cartilage canals \u2014 a new pathogenetic mechanism in infectious arthritis. Experientia. 1986;42(9):999\u20131001.10.1007\/BF01940704"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref29","series-title":"Rheumatol Int.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00541313","article-title":"The role of cartilage canals in the pathogenesis of experimentally induced polyarthritis","volume":"6","author":"Denecke R","year":"1986","unstructured":"Denecke R, Trautwein G, Kaup FJ. The role of cartilage canals in the pathogenesis of experimentally induced polyarthritis. Rheumatol Int. 1986;6(6):239\u2013243.10.1007\/BF00541313"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref30","series-title":"Equine Vet J.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13256","article-title":"Development of the blood supply to the growth cartilage of the medial femoral condyle of foals","volume":"53","author":"Wormstrand BH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wormstrand BH, Fjordbakk CT, Griffiths DJ, Lykkjen S, Olstad K. Development of the blood supply to the growth cartilage of the medial femoral condyle of foals. Equine Vet J. 2021;53(1):134\u2013142.10.1111\/evj.13256"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref31","series-title":"Aust Vet J.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2009.00539.x","article-title":"Retrospective study of 108 foals with septic osteomyelitis","volume":"88","author":"Neil KM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Neil KM, Axon JE, Begg AP,  Retrospective study of 108 foals with septic osteomyelitis. Aust Vet J. 2010;88(1-2):4\u201312.10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2009.00539.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref32","series-title":"Equine Vet J.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X297453","article-title":"Cartilage matrix changes in the developing epiphysis: early events on the pathway to equine osteochondrosis?","volume":"40","author":"Lecocq M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lecocq M, Girard C, Fogarty U, Beauchamp G, Richard H, Laverty S. Cartilage matrix changes in the developing epiphysis: early events on the pathway to equine osteochondrosis? Equine Vet J. 2008;40(5):442\u2013454.10.2746\/042516408X297453"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref33","series-title":"Zentralbl Veterinarmed B.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1980.tb01644.x","article-title":"Polyarthritis and bone infection in foals","volume":"27","author":"Firth EC","year":"1980","unstructured":"Firth EC, Dik KJ, Goedegebuure SA,  Polyarthritis and bone infection in foals. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1980;27(2):102\u2013124.10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1980.tb01644.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref34","series-title":"Equine Vet J.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12278","article-title":"Comparison of the blood supply to the articular-epiphyseal growth complex in horse vs. pony foals","volume":"47","author":"Hendrickson EH","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hendrickson EH, Olstad K, N\u00f8dtvedt A, Pauwels E, van Hoorebeke L, Dolvik NI. Comparison of the blood supply to the articular-epiphyseal growth complex in horse vs. pony foals. Equine Vet J. 2015;47(3):326\u2013332.10.1111\/evj.12278"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref35","series-title":"Aust Vet J.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1996.tb10006.x","article-title":"Equine neonatal septicaemia: 24 cases","volume":"73","author":"Raisis AL","year":"1996","unstructured":"Raisis AL, Hodgson JL, Hodgson DR. Equine neonatal septicaemia: 24 cases. Aust Vet J. 1996;73(4):137\u2013140.10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1996.tb10006.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref36","series-title":"Clin Tech Equine Pract.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ctep.2006.09.005","article-title":"Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of septic arthritis, osteitis, and osteomyelitis in foals","volume":"5","author":"Hardy J","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hardy J. Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of septic arthritis, osteitis, and osteomyelitis in foals. Clin Tech Equine Pract. 2006;5(4):309\u2013317.10.1053\/j.ctep.2006.09.005"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-6069-7.00065-1","article-title":"Infectious arthritis and fungal infectious arthritis","author":"Bertone AL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bertone AL, Cohen J. Infectious arthritis and fungal infectious arthritis. In: Ross MW, Dyson SJ, eds. Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse. Elsevier; 2011:677\u2013686.10.1016\/B978-1-4160-6069-7.00065-1"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref38","series-title":"Equine Vet J.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1989.tb02681.x","article-title":"Sequential clinical and synovial fluid changes associated with acute infectious arthritis in the horse","volume":"21","author":"Tulamo RM","year":"1989","unstructured":"Tulamo RM, Bramlage LR, Gabel AA. Sequential clinical and synovial fluid changes associated with acute infectious arthritis in the horse. Equine Vet J. 1989;21(5):325\u2013331.10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1989.tb02681.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref39","series-title":"J Orthop Res.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2004.03.006","article-title":"Experimental ischemia of porcine growth cartilage produces lesions of osteochondrosis","volume":"22","author":"Ytrehus B","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ytrehus B, Andreas Haga H, Mellum CN,  Experimental ischemia of porcine growth cartilage produces lesions of osteochondrosis. J Orthop Res. 2004;22(6):1201\u20131209.10.1016\/j.orthres.2004.03.006"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref40","series-title":"Acta Radiol.","first-page":"532","article-title":"Value of micro-CT as an investigative tool for osteochondritis dissecans","volume":"44","author":"Mohr A","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mohr A, Heiss C, Bergmann I,  Value of micro-CT as an investigative tool for osteochondritis dissecans. Acta Radiol. 2003;44(5):532\u2013537."},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Equine Clinical Neonatology","first-page":"296","article-title":"Neonatal infection","author":"Brewer B","year":"1990","unstructured":"Brewer B. Neonatal infection. In: Koterba AM, Drummond WH, Kosch PC, eds. Equine Clinical Neonatology. Lea & Febiger; 1990:296\u2013317."},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"Equine Internal Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-44329-6.00020-6","article-title":"Disorders of foals","author":"McKenzie HC","year":"2018","unstructured":"McKenzie HC. Disorders of foals. In: Reed SM, Bayly WM, Sellon DC, eds. Equine Internal Medicine. Elsevier; 2018:1365\u20131459.10.1016\/B978-0-323-44329-6.00020-6"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/260\/3\/javma.21.03.0166.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/260\/3\/javma.21.03.0166.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/260\/3\/javma.21.03.0166.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:50:33Z","timestamp":1741351833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/260\/3\/javma.21.03.0166.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.21.03.0166","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}}}