{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T09:40:24Z","timestamp":1774690824441,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CASE DESCRIPTION<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A 12-year-old sexually intact male zoo-managed Sumatran tiger <jats:italic>(Panthera tigris sumatrae)<\/jats:italic> was evaluated for a 3-day history of vomiting, hyporexia, and lethargy. Radiographs were supportive of gastrointestinal obstruction, and an exploratory laparotomy was performed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL FINDINGS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Diffuse tan foci were present on the liver parenchyma, and the tiger became icteric throughout the procedure. Hepatic histopathology and immunohistochemistry resulted in a diagnosis of leptospirosis. Serum microagglutination testing for <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp antibody titers were positive for <jats:italic>L kirschneri<\/jats:italic> serovar Grippotyphosa, rising from 1:400 to 1:3,200 in 2 days.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>TREATMENT AND OUTCOME<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The tiger was treated with antimicrobials, ursodiol, and mirtazapine, and increased biosecurity measures were instituted. Free-ranging wildlife on grounds were trapped, euthanized, and submitted for necropsy to screen for disease vectors. The tiger\u2019s urine was intermittently opportunistically collected from the enclosure and remained PCR assay negative for <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp until being positive once again on day 595. Although the tiger was without clinical signs at that time, antimicrobial therapy and increased biosecurity protocols were instituted a second time until urinary <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> shedding was confirmed to have stopped. By 1,071 days after initial presentation, the tiger remained nonclinical, with no additional urinary shedding episodes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>While domestic and nondomestic free-ranging felids have been reported as subclinical <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp carriers, this report indicates the clinical importance of leptospirosis when a tiger presents with generalized gastrointestinal signs and icterus. Due to the zoonotic potential, biosecurity measures are necessary. This patient had a clinically successful outcome with antimicrobial therapy and supportive care.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.21.04.0185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T20:13:25Z","timestamp":1647461605000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Clinical disease and treatment of Leptospira kirschneri sv Grippotyphosa in a Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"260","author":[{"given":"Joanna K.","family":"Webb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krista A.","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samantha J.","family":"Sander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Allender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie D.","family":"Sheldon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"13","article-title":"A quantitative PCR (TaqMan) assay for pathogenic Leptospira spp","volume":"2","author":"Smythe LD","year":"2002","unstructured":"Smythe LD, Smith IL, Smith GA,  A quantitative PCR (TaqMan) assay for pathogenic Leptospira spp. BMC Infect Dis. 2002;2:13 doi:10.1186\/1471-2334-2-1312100734"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Front Microbiol","article-title":"A validated multiplex real-time PCR assay for the diagnosis of infectious Leptospira: a novel assay for the detection and differentiation of strains from both pathogenic groups I and II","author":"P\u00e9rez LJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez LJ, Lanka S, DeShambo VL, Fredrickson RL, Maddox CW. 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