{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T19:25:09Z","timestamp":1793993109347,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642204800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To test clinical and analgesic effects of a single-injection caudal thoracic paravertebral block (TPVB) after localization of the thoracic paravertebral space with a loss-of-resistance to air injection technique in female dogs undergoing unilateral radical mastectomy.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>14 client-owned dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Dogs were premedicated with methadone, anesthetized with propofol and sevoflurane, and randomly assigned to receive a TPVB or no block preoperatively. Rescue analgesia with fentanyl and methadone was provided on the basis of cardiovascular responses during surgery and postoperative pain scores assigned with a validated pain scale. Required dose of rescue opioids; mean end-tidal sevoflurane concentration; episodes of hypotension, bradycardia, and other complications; quality of recovery scores; and postoperative pain scores were compared between groups.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Median intraoperative fentanyl doses were 0 \u00b5g\/kg (range, 0 to 2 \u00b5g\/kg) and 4 \u00b5g\/kg (range, 2 to 6 \u00b5g\/kg) for the TPVB and control groups, respectively. Median postoperative methadone doses were 0 mg\/kg (range, 0 to 0.2 mg\/kg) and 0.6 mg\/kg (range, 0.4 to 0.6 mg\/kg) for the TPVB and control groups, respectively. Recovery scores and pain scores assigned at the time of and 1 hour after extubation were significantly lower in the TPVB group than in the control group.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s005\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A single-injection caudal TPVB improved pain control and recovery quality in female dogs undergoing unilateral radical mastectomy. Because the TPVB involves only a single injection, does not take long to perform, and requires only readily available low-cost equipment, the technique may be a valuable option in both referral and first-opinion practice.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.21.04.0188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T21:26:25Z","timestamp":1639603585000},"page":"S53-S58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Single-injection caudal thoracic paravertebral block improves pain control and recovery quality in female dogs undergoing unilateral radical mastectomy: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"260","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Santoro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Debidda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Veterinario Professionale La Fenice, Assemini, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Franci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Largo Paolo Braccini, Grugliasco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"B1","series-title":"Acta Vet Scand","first-page":"34","article-title":"Surgical stress and postoperative complications related to regional and radical mastectomy in dogs","volume":"57","year":"2015","unstructured":"Horta RS, Figueraido MS, Lavalle GE, Costa MP, Cunha RM, Ara\u00f9jo RB. 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