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Signalment, clinical data, and outcomes were recorded. Variables of interest were analyzed for statistical associations with outcome.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Overall, 54.4% (86\/158) of animals survived to discharge. Median survival time was 177 days. Females (53.2%; 84\/158) were more common than males (46.8%; 74\/158). Males were presented younger (mean age, 3.64 years) than females (4.41 years). In 81 of 154 (52.5%) cases, animals were presented with primary urinary concerns, while 73 (47.5%) presented for nonurinary primary concerns. Females more commonly presented with distal urinary tract urolithiasis (63\/84; 75%) but fared better overall with a longer median survival time (1,149 days) than males (59 days). Surgical intervention was not a risk factor for nonsurvival; however, increased age (&gt; 4.1 years), male sex, anorexia, weight loss, and lower rectal temperature (&lt; 37.2\u2009\u00b0C) on presentation were associated with nonsurvival. Reoccurrence was noted in 13.9% (22\/158) of cases, at an average of 284 days.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Urolithiasis should always be considered a differential diagnosis for any unwell guinea pig. In particular, distal urinary tract urolithiasis should be considered in females. A poorer prognosis was associated with older, male guinea pigs, and those displaying anorexia, weight loss, and hypothermia. The need for surgical intervention should not confer a poorer outcome. Further studies are needed to determine specific risk factors and identify possible preventative measures.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.21.09.0421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T16:37:12Z","timestamp":1649867832000},"page":"S95-S100","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Retrospective analysis of risk factors, clinical features, and prognostic indicators for urolithiasis in guinea pigs: 158 cases (2009\u20132019)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"260","author":[{"given":"Analisa S.","family":"Edell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VCA Valley Animal Hospital and Emergency Center, Tucson, AZ"},{"name":"Wildlife Safari, Winston, OR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Vella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Exotics and Rabbits Vets, Artarmon, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne C.","family":"Sheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Exotics and Rabbits Vets, Artarmon, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Carotenuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VCA Valley Animal Hospital and Emergency Center, Tucson, AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talon","family":"McKee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VCA Clinical Studies, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Bergman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VCA Clinical Studies, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","year":"2018","unstructured":"American Veterinary Medical Association. 2017\u20132018 AVMA Pet Ownership and Demographics Sourcebook. 2018. 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