{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T10:50:36Z","timestamp":1788691836602,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To provide epidemiological information on animal and human cases of rabies in the US during 2020 and summaries of 2020 rabies surveillance for Canada and Mexico.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>All animals submitted for laboratory diagnosis of rabies in the US during 2020.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>State and territorial public health departments and USDA Wildlife Services provided 2020 rabies surveillance data. Data were analyzed temporally and geographically to assess trends in domestic and wildlife rabies cases.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>During 2020, 54 jurisdictions submitted 87,895 animal samples for rabies testing, of which 85,483 (97.3%) had a conclusive (positive or negative) test result. Of these, 4,479 (5.2%) tested positive for rabies, representing a 4.5% decrease from the 4,690 cases reported in 2019. Texas (n = 580 [12.9%]), Pennsylvania (371 [8.3%]), Virginia (351 [7.8%]), New York (346 [7.7%]), North Carolina (301 [6.7%]), New Jersey (257 [5.7%]), Maryland (256 [5.7%]), and California (248 [5.5%]) together accounted for &gt; 60% of all animal rabies cases reported in 2020. Of the total reported rabid animals, 4,090 (91.3%) involved wildlife, with raccoons (n = 1,403 [31.3%]), bats (1,400 [31.3%]), skunks (846 [18.9%]), and foxes (338 [7.5%]) representing the primary hosts confirmed with rabies. Rabid cats (288 [6.4%]), cattle (43 [1.0%]), and dogs (37 [0.8%]) accounted for 95% of rabies cases involving domestic animals in 2020. No human rabies cases were reported in 2020.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>For the first time since 2006, the number of samples submitted for rabies testing in the US was &lt; 90,000; this is thought to be due to factors related to the COVID-19 pandemic, as similar decreases in sample submission were also reported by Canada and Mexico.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.03.0112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T12:28:06Z","timestamp":1651840086000},"page":"1157-1165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2020"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"260","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyue","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Bonaparte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Toro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lillian A.","family":"Orciari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crystal M.","family":"Gigante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordona D.","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Services, APHIS, USDA, Concord, NH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Chipman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Services, APHIS, USDA, Concord, NH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Fehlner-Gardiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Expertise for Rabies, Ottawa Laboratory\u2013Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica Guti\u00e9rrez","family":"Cedillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretar\u00eda de Salud de M\u00e9xico, CDMX, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nidia","family":"Ar\u00e9chiga-Ceballos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Rabia, Departamento de Virolog\u00eda, Instituto de Diagn\u00f3stico y Referencia Epidemiol\u00f3gicos, Secretar\u00eda de Salud de M\u00e9xico, CDMX, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agam K.","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett W.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1205","article-title":"Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2019","volume":"258","author":"Ma X","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma X, Monroe BP, Wallace RM,  Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2019. 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