{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T06:51:11Z","timestamp":1786863071381,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To describe outcomes of small- and toy-breed dogs with a congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (IHPSS) treated with percutaneous transvenous coil embolization (PTCE).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>20 small- and toy-breed dogs with an IHPSS.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>All dogs underwent CT angiography for shunt evaluation as well as PTCE. Medical records were reviewed for pertinent data, and owners and primary veterinarians were contacted for long-term follow-up information.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Dogs ranged from 1.5 to 10.0 kg (mean \u00b1 SD, 6.32 \u00b1 2.57 kg) in weight. The equipment used to perform PTCE tended to be smaller than that previously described for larger breed dogs. Intra- and postoperative complication rates were 20% (4\/20) and 5% (1\/20), respectively, and included hypotension, bradycardia, hypercapnia, ventricular premature contractions, hypothermia, and regurgitation. Dogs were discharged a median of 3 days (range, 1 to 3 days) after surgery, and all dogs survived to discharge. Clinical signs resolved in 95% (19\/20) of the dogs a median of 21 days after the procedure. One- and 2-year survival rates were 92%. Three dogs had died by the time of data collection; 2 of these dogs died of causes related to the IHPSS 267 and 1,178 days, respectively, after the procedure.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Percutaneous transvenous coil embolization was a safe and effective option for treatment of IHPSS in small- and toy-breed dogs and offered a minimally invasive alternative to open surgical techniques. Complication and survival rates in this cohort were similar to or better than those reported in previous studies evaluating PTCE and open surgical techniques for treatment of IHPSS in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.03.0143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T15:15:45Z","timestamp":1657898145000},"page":"1526-1532","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Percutaneous transvenous coil embolization of congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in small- and toy-breed dogs: 20 cases (2015\u20132021)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"260","author":[{"given":"Francesca P.","family":"Solari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William T. N.","family":"Culp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico R.","family":"Vilaplana Grosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Brad","family":"Case","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"ref1","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"746","article-title":"Effect of breed on anatomy of portosystemic shunts resulting from congenital diseases in dogs and cats: a review of 242 cases","volume":"82","author":"Hunt GB","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hunt GB. Effect of breed on anatomy of portosystemic shunts resulting from congenital diseases in dogs and cats: a review of 242 cases. Aust Vet J. 2004;82(12):746\u2013749."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"169","article-title":"Portosystemic shunts: diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of 64 cases (1993\u20132001)","volume":"39","author":"Winkler JT","year":"2003","unstructured":"Winkler JT, Bohling MW, Tillson DM, Wright JC, Ballagas AJ. Portosystemic shunts: diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of 64 cases (1993\u20132001). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2003;39(2):169\u2013185.12617545"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1181","article-title":"Intrahepatic and extrahepatic portal venous anomalies in dogs: 52 cases (1982\u20131992)","volume":"206","author":"Bostwick DR","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bostwick DR, Twedt DC. Intrahepatic and extrahepatic portal venous anomalies in dogs: 52 cases (1982\u20131992). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1995;206(8):1181\u20131185.7768740"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","first-page":"1269","article-title":"Successful treatment by percutaneous transvenous coil embolization in a small-breed dog with intrahepatic portosystemic shunt","volume":"65","author":"Asano K","year":"2003","unstructured":"Asano K, Watari T, Kuwabara M,  Successful treatment by percutaneous transvenous coil embolization in a small-breed dog with intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. J Vet Med Sci. 2003;65(11):1269\u20131272."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"527","article-title":"Long-term survival and quality of life in dogs with clinical signs associated with a congenital portosystemic shunt after surgical or medical treatment","volume":"245","author":"Greenhalgh SN","year":"2014","unstructured":"Greenhalgh SN, Reeve JA, Johnstone T,  Long-term survival and quality of life in dogs with clinical signs associated with a congenital portosystemic shunt after surgical or medical treatment. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2014;245(5):527\u2013533."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1215","article-title":"Comparison of survival after surgical or medical treatment in dogs with a congenital portosystemic shunt","volume":"236","author":"Greenhalgh SN","year":"2010","unstructured":"Greenhalgh SN, Dunning MD, McKinley TJ,  Comparison of survival after surgical or medical treatment in dogs with a congenital portosystemic shunt. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2010;236(11):1215\u20131220."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"331","article-title":"Long-term results of complete and partial ligation of congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs","volume":"24","author":"Hottinger HA","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hottinger HA, Walshaw R, Hauptman JG. Long-term results of complete and partial ligation of congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs. Vet Surg. 1995;24(4):331\u2013336.7571385"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref8","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"406","article-title":"Partial versus complete attenuation of single portosystemic shunts","volume":"19","author":"Swalec KM","year":"1990","unstructured":"Swalec KM, Smeak DD. Partial versus complete attenuation of single portosystemic shunts. Vet Surg. 1990;19(6):406\u2013411.2264276"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"83","article-title":"Methods of gradual vascular occlusion and their applications in treatment of congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs: a review","volume":"34","author":"Sereda CW","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sereda CW, Adin CA. Methods of gradual vascular occlusion and their applications in treatment of congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs: a review. Vet Surg. 2005;34(1):83\u201391.15720602"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1749","article-title":"Outcome associated with use of a percutaneously controlled hydraulic occluder for treatment of dogs with intrahepatic portosystemic shunts","volume":"229","author":"Adin CA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Adin CA, Sereda CW, Thompson MS, Wheeler JL, Archer LL. Outcome associated with use of a percutaneously controlled hydraulic occluder for treatment of dogs with intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;229(11):1749\u20131755.17144820"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"25","article-title":"Outcomes of cellophane banding for congenital portosystemic shunts in 106 dogs and 5 cats","volume":"33","author":"Hunt GB","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hunt GB, Kummeling A, Tisdall PLC,  Outcomes of cellophane banding for congenital portosystemic shunts in 106 dogs and 5 cats. Vet Surg. 2004;33(1):25\u201331.14687183"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"21","article-title":"Surgical management of left-divisional intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: outcome after partial ligation of, or ameroid ring constrictor placement on, the left hepatic vein in twenty-eight dogs (1995\u20132005)","volume":"36","author":"Mehl ML","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mehl ML, Kyles AE, Case JB, Kass PH, Zwingenberger A, Gregory CR. Surgical management of left-divisional intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: outcome after partial ligation of, or ameroid ring constrictor placement on, the left hepatic vein in twenty-eight dogs (1995\u20132005). Vet Surg. 2007;36(1):21\u201330.17214816"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"300","article-title":"Outcomes of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts occluded with ameroid constrictors in nine dogs and one cat","volume":"35","author":"Bright SR","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bright SR, Williams JM, Niles JD. Outcomes of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts occluded with ameroid constrictors in nine dogs and one cat. Vet Surg. 2006;35(3):300\u2013309.16635012"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"358","article-title":"Surgical treatment of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in 45 dogs","volume":"142","author":"White RN","year":"1998","unstructured":"White RN, Burton CA, McEvoy FJ. Surgical treatment of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in 45 dogs. Vet Rec. 1998;142(14):358\u2013365.9587198"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"37","article-title":"Intrahepatic portosystemic venous anomaly in the dog. Perioperative management and complications","volume":"20","author":"Komtebedde J","year":"1991","unstructured":"Komtebedde J, Forsyth SF, Breznock EM, Koblik PD. Intrahepatic portosystemic venous anomaly in the dog. Perioperative management and complications. Vet Surg. 1991;20(1):37\u201342.2008771"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref16","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"78","article-title":"Endovascular evaluation and treatment of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs: 100 cases (2001\u20132011)","volume":"244","author":"Weisse C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weisse C, Berent AC, Todd K, Solomon JA, Cope C. Endovascular evaluation and treatment of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs: 100 cases (2001\u20132011). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2014;244(1):78\u201394.24344856"},{"issue":"S1","key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"O59","article-title":"Outcomes of cellophane banding or percutaneous transvenous coil embolization of canine intrahepatic portosystemic shunts","volume":"47","author":"Case JB","year":"2018","unstructured":"Case JB, Marvel SJ, Stiles MC,  Outcomes of cellophane banding or percutaneous transvenous coil embolization of canine intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Vet Surg. 2018;47(S1):O59\u2013O66."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref18","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"74","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of outcome of dogs with intrahepatic portosystemic shunts treated via percutaneous transvenous coil embolization","volume":"47","author":"Culp WTN","year":"2018","unstructured":"Culp WTN, Zwingenberger AL, Giuffrida MA,  Prospective evaluation of outcome of dogs with intrahepatic portosystemic shunts treated via percutaneous transvenous coil embolization. Vet Surg. 2018;47(1):74\u201385.29064581"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"70","article-title":"Use of percutaneous transvenous coil embolization in the treatment of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in four cats","volume":"257","author":"Culp WTN","year":"2020","unstructured":"Culp WTN, Griffin MA, Case JB, Zwingenberger AL, Marks SL. Use of percutaneous transvenous coil embolization in the treatment of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in four cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2020;257(1):70\u201379.32538708"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref20","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"205","article-title":"Classification of surgical complications: a new proposal with evaluation in a cohort of 6336 patients and results of a survey","volume":"240","author":"Dindo D","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dindo D, Demartines N, Clavien PA. Classification of surgical complications: a new proposal with evaluation in a cohort of 6336 patients and results of a survey. Ann Surg. 2004;240(2):205\u2013213."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref21","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"187","article-title":"The Clavien-Dindo classification of surgical complications: five-year experience","volume":"250","author":"Clavien PA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Clavien PA, Barkun J, de Oliveira ML,  The Clavien-Dindo classification of surgical complications: five-year experience. Ann Surg. 2009;250(2):187\u2013196.19638912"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref22","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"561","article-title":"Survival and prognostic indicators for dogs with intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: 32 cases (1990\u20132000)","volume":"31","author":"Papazoglou LG","year":"2002","unstructured":"Papazoglou LG, Monnet E, Seim HB III. Survival and prognostic indicators for dogs with intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: 32 cases (1990\u20132000). Vet Surg. 2002;31(6):561\u2013570.12415525"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref23","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"2697","article-title":"Medical conditions associated with gastroduodenal ulceration or erosion in 168 dogs: 2008-2018","volume":"35","author":"Pavlova E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pavlova E, Gold RM, Tolbert MK, Lidbury JA. Medical conditions associated with gastroduodenal ulceration or erosion in 168 dogs: 2008-2018. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(6):2697\u20132704.34596276"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"125","article-title":"Protein C and comparative biochemical changes in dogs treated with percutaneous transvenous coil embolization of congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunts","volume":"51","author":"Sunlight C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sunlight C, Weisse C, Berent A, Tozier E. Protein C and comparative biochemical changes in dogs treated with percutaneous transvenous coil embolization of congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Vet Surg. 2022;51(1):125\u2013135.34596252"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref25","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"519","article-title":"Canine intrahepatic portosystemic shunt insertion into the systemic circulation is commonly through primary hepatic veins as assessed with CT angiography","volume":"61","author":"Plested MJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Plested MJ, Zwingenberger AL, Brockman DJ,  Canine intrahepatic portosystemic shunt insertion into the systemic circulation is commonly through primary hepatic veins as assessed with CT angiography. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2020;61(5):519\u2013530.32663370"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/260\/12\/javma.22.03.0143.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/260\/12\/javma.22.03.0143.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/260\/12\/javma.22.03.0143.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:57:40Z","timestamp":1741352260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/260\/12\/javma.22.03.0143.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.22.03.0143","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}}}