{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T01:51:21Z","timestamp":1771465881544,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To describe the anatomic structures of the canine middle ear visible during endoscopic examination through ventral and lateral surgical approaches.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>SAMPLE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>5 cadaveric canine heads representing 4 breeds.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A descriptive study was performed. For each head, a lateral approach was performed on one side and a ventral approach was performed on the opposite side. Images were obtained with a 2.7-mm, 30\u00b0 telescope.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Captured images were reviewed, and anatomic structures visualized through the lateral and ventral approaches were identified. The optimal approach, telescope position, and light post orientation to identify each anatomic structure were subjectively determined.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Middle ear evaluation with a telescope was technically straightforward and allowed identification of middle ear structures not typically visible with an open surgical approach. Findings may serve as an anatomic reference guide for future video-assisted surgical procedures of the middle ear. A better understanding of the location of anatomic structures in the middle ear may help to prevent unnecessary damage to fragile middle ear structures, such as nerves or blood vessels, during surgical procedures.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.05.0192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T17:49:27Z","timestamp":1661449767000},"page":"1663-1667","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Anatomic structures of the canine middle ear visible during endoscopic examination through a ventral or lateral approach"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"260","author":[{"given":"Emily C.","family":"Viani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery Department, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, MA"},{"name":"Surgery Department, Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists, Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caleb C.","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery Department, Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists, Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristin A.","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery Department, Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists, Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip I.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery Department, Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists, Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"469","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of otitis media in dogs and cats","volume":"34","author":"Gotthelf LN","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gotthelf LN. Diagnosis and treatment of otitis media in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2004;34(2):469\u2013487.15062620"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"25","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of small tympanic bone spicules and drumstick-like hyperostotic tympanic bone spicules in the middle ear cavity of dogs","volume":"56","author":"Parzefall B","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parzefall B, Rieger A, Volk HA, Maierl J, Br\u00fchschwein A, Blutke A. Prevalence and characterization of small tympanic bone spicules and drumstick-like hyperostotic tympanic bone spicules in the middle ear cavity of dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2015;56(1):25\u201332.25138894"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"137","article-title":"Review of diagnostic imaging of ear diseases in the dog and cat","volume":"44","author":"Garosi LS","year":"2003","unstructured":"Garosi LS, Dennis R, Schwarz T. 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