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Cortisol promotes skeletal, respiratory, cardiovascular, thyroid gland, adrenomedullary, and pancreatic differentiation. Thyroid hormones are essential for cardiovascular, respiratory, neurologic, skeletal, adrenal, and pancreatic function. Hormonal imbalances at crucial stages of development or in response to disease can be detrimental to the newborn foal. Other endocrine factors, including growth hormone, glucagon, catecholamines, ghrelin, adipokines (adiponectin, leptin), and incretins, are equally important in energy homeostasis. This review provides information specific to nutrition and endocrine systems involved in energy homeostasis in foals, enhancing our understanding of equine neonatal physiology and pathophysiology and our ability to interpret clinical and laboratory findings, therefore improving therapies and prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.08.0348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T08:38:28Z","timestamp":1666687108000},"page":"S83-S93","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Energy endocrine physiology, pathophysiology, and nutrition of the foal"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"260","author":[{"given":"Hannah M.","family":"Kinsella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura D.","family":"Hostnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramiro E.","family":"Toribio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"B1","series-title":"J Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.00209.x","article-title":"Ontogenic and nutritionally induced changes in fetal metabolism in the horse","volume":"528","author":"Fowden AL","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fowden AL, Taylor PM, White KL, Forhead AJ. 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