{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T07:18:51Z","timestamp":1793085531090,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Sodium pentobarbital and pentobarbital combination products are commonly used by veterinarians throughout the US for euthanasia of their animal patients. The <jats:italic>AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2020 Edition<\/jats:italic> lists barbiturate acid derivatives (pentobarbital) and pentobarbital combination products as an acceptable method of euthanasia for all species when circumstances permit their use. When using pentobarbital products, a veterinarian must consider appropriate handling and disposal of animal remains to avoid the potential for environmental contamination, relay toxicosis in wildlife or domestic animals, and contamination of the animal food supply. Failure to appropriately consider these facets of pentobarbital euthanasia can result in legal and ethical consequences. Despite these concerns, to the authors\u2019 knowledge no comprehensive literature review has been published concerning pentobarbital euthanasia or handling and disposal of animal remains following pentobarbital euthanasia. The literature review that follows aims to give a descriptive narrative of the most recent information available on the knowledge, use, challenges, and issues surrounding pentobarbital euthanasia and disposal of animal remains within the US.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.08.0373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T17:00:44Z","timestamp":1676653244000},"page":"733-738","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A literature review on current practices, knowledge, and viewpoints on pentobarbital euthanasia performed by veterinarians and animal remains disposal in the United States"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"261","author":[{"given":"Nathaniel S.","family":"Kollias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Welfare Division, AVMA, Schaumburg, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warren J.","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal and Public Health, AVMA, Schaumburg, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cia L.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Welfare Division, AVMA, Schaumburg, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal and Public Health, AVMA, Schaumburg, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail","family":"Golab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Policy Strategic Business Unit, AVMA, Schaumburg, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio).","first-page":"161","article-title":"Comparison of pentobarbital-phenytoin alone vs propofol prior to pentobarbital-phenytoin for euthanasia in 436 client-owned dogs","volume":"29","author":"Bullock JM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bullock JM, Lanaux TM, Shmalberg JW. 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