{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T07:30:13Z","timestamp":1773732613636,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\nOBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\nTo assess exposure to and infection with 3 pathogens (Rickettsia rickettsii, Anaplasma platys<\/jats:italic>, and Ehrlichia canis<\/jats:italic>) vectored by brown dog ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus<\/jats:italic>) in sheltered dogs at the western US\u2013Mexico border.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n239 dogs in shelters in San Diego and Imperial counties, US, and Mexicali and Tijuana, Mexico.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nPROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\nEach dog had blood drawn and basic demographic data collected. PCR was performed to determine active infection with Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> spp, E canis,<\/jats:italic> and A platys<\/jats:italic>. Serology was performed to determine exposure to Rickettsia, Anaplasma<\/jats:italic>, and Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic> species.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nRESULTS<\/jats:title>\n2 of 78 (2.6%) dogs sampled in Tijuana were actively infected with R rickettsii<\/jats:italic>. A single brown dog tick collected from a dog in Tijuana was PCR-positive for R rickettsii<\/jats:italic>. Infection with E canis<\/jats:italic> and A platys<\/jats:italic> ranged across shelters from 0% to 27% and 0% to 33%, respectively. Dogs in all 4 locations demonstrated exposure to all 3 pathogens, though Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> and Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic> seropositivity was highest in Mexicali (81% and 49%, respectively) and Anaplasma<\/jats:italic> seropositivity was highest in Tijuana (45%).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nCLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\nWhile infection and exposure were highest in sheltered dogs in the southern locations, dogs in all locations demonstrated exposure to all pathogens, demonstrating the potential for emergence and spread of zoonotic pathogens with significant public health consequences in southern California and northern Baja California. In addition, veterinarians and shelter staff should be aware that Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic> or Anaplasma<\/jats:italic> infection may co-occur with Rocky Mountain spotted fever, which is a human health risk.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.08.0388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T12:41:52Z","timestamp":1671799312000},"page":"375-383","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Tick-borne pathogens detected in sheltered dogs during an epidemic of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a One Health challenge"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"261","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Backus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Virata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oscar E.","family":"Zazueta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Estatal de Epidemiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Servicios de Salud P\u00fablica del Estado de Baja California, Mexicali, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"L\u00f3pez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"43","article-title":"Best practices for preventing vector-borne diseases in dogs and humans.","volume":"32","author":"Dantas-Torres F","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. Best practices for preventing vector-borne diseases in dogs and humans. Trends Parasitol. 2016;32(1):43\u201355. doi:10.1016\/j.pt.2015.09.00426507152"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"293","article-title":"Community-based prevention of epidemic Rocky Mountain spotted fever among minority populations in Sonora, Mexico, using a One Health approach.","volume":"114","author":"Alvarez-Hernandez G","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alvarez-Hernandez G, Drexler N, Paddock CD, et al. Community-based prevention of epidemic Rocky Mountain spotted fever among minority populations in Sonora, Mexico, using a One Health approach. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2020;114(4):293\u2013300. doi:10.1093\/trstmh\/trz11431819997"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref3","series-title":"J R Soc Interface","first-page":"973","article-title":"A framework for evaluating animals as sentinels for infectious disease surveillance.","volume":"4","author":"Halliday JEB","year":"2007","unstructured":"Halliday JEB, Meredith AL, Knobel DL, Shaw DJ, Bronsvoort BM, Cleaveland S. A framework for evaluating animals as sentinels for infectious disease surveillance. J R Soc Interface. 2007;4(16):973\u2013984. doi:10.1098\/rsif.2007.023717504735"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"26","article-title":"Biology and ecology of the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus.","volume":"3","author":"Dantas-Torres F","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dantas-Torres F. Biology and ecology of the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Parasit Vectors. 2010;3(1):26 doi:10.1186\/1756-3305-3-2620377860"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref5","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"587","article-title":"Rocky Mountain spotted fever from an unexpected tick vector in Arizona.","volume":"353","author":"Demma LJ","year":"2005","unstructured":"Demma LJ, Traeger MS, Nicholson WL, et al. Rocky Mountain spotted fever from an unexpected tick vector in Arizona. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(6):587\u2013594. doi:10.1056\/NEJMoa05004316093467"},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"ref6","series-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol","first-page":"2145","article-title":"Reorganization of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and \u2018HGE agent\u2019 as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila.","volume":"51","author":"Dumler JS","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dumler JS, Barbet AF, Bekker CP, et al. Reorganization of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and \u2018HGE agent\u2019 as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2001;51(Pt 6):2145\u20132165. doi:10.1099\/00207713-51-6-214511760958"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"New Microbes New Infect","first-page":"93","article-title":"New approaches in the systematics of rickettsiae.","volume":"23","author":"Shpynov SN","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shpynov SN, Fournier P-E, Pozdnichenko NN, Gumenuk AS, Skiba AA. New approaches in the systematics of rickettsiae. New Microbes New Infect. 2018;23:93\u2013102. doi:10.1016\/j.nmni.2018.02.01229692912"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Front Public Health","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Challenges posed by tick-borne rickettsiae: eco-epidemiology and public health implications.","author":"Eremeeva ME","unstructured":"Eremeeva ME, Dasch GA. Challenges posed by tick-borne rickettsiae: eco-epidemiology and public health implications. Front Public Health. Published online April 21, 2020. doi:10.3389\/fpubh.2015.00055"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref9","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e115105","article-title":"Clinical presentation, convalescence, and relapse of rocky mountain spotted fever in dogs experimentally infected via tick bite.","volume":"9","author":"Levin ML","year":"2014","unstructured":"Levin ML, Killmaster LF, Zemtsova GE, Ritter JM, Langham G. Clinical presentation, convalescence, and relapse of rocky mountain spotted fever in dogs experimentally infected via tick bite. PLoS One. 2014;9(12):e115105 doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.011510525542001"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref10","series-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other spotted fever group rickettsioses, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis\u2014United States: a practical guide for health care and public health professionals.","volume":"65","author":"Biggs HM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Biggs HM, Behravesh CB, Bradley KK, et al. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other spotted fever group rickettsioses, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis\u2014United States: a practical guide for health care and public health professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016;65(2):1\u201344. doi:10.15585\/mmwr.rr6502a1"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"190","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical features of Rocky Mountain spotted fever from enhanced surveillance, Sonora, Mexico: 2015\u20132018.","volume":"104","author":"\u00c1lvarez-L\u00f3pez DI","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez-L\u00f3pez DI, Ochoa-Mora E, Nichols Heitman K, Binder AM, \u00c1lvarez-Hern\u00e1ndez G, Armstrong PA. Epidemiology and clinical features of Rocky Mountain spotted fever from enhanced surveillance, Sonora, Mexico: 2015\u20132018. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021;104(1):190\u2013197. doi:10.4269\/ajtmh.20-085433146112"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"22","article-title":"Unbiased assessment of abundance of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks, canine exposure to spotted fever group rickettsia, and risk factors in Mexicali, M\u00e9xico.","volume":"101","author":"Foley J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Foley J, Tinoco-Gracia L, Rodriguez-Lomel\u00ed M, et al. Unbiased assessment of abundance of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks, canine exposure to spotted fever group rickettsia, and risk factors in Mexicali, M\u00e9xico. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019;101(1):22\u201332. doi:10.4269\/ajtmh.18-087831094313"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Zoonoses Public Health","article-title":"Seroprevalence of spotted fever group rickettsiae in canines along the United States\u2013Mexico border.","author":"Pieracci EG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pieracci EG, Rosa JDPDL, Rubio DL, et al. Seroprevalence of spotted fever group rickettsiae in canines along the United States\u2013Mexico border. Zoonoses Public Health 2019;0. Accessed Aug 27, 2019. onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/zph.1264231441594"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref14","series-title":"Zoonoses Public Health","first-page":"984","article-title":"Serologic assessment for exposure to spotted fever group rickettsiae in dogs in the Arizona-Sonora border region.","volume":"65","author":"Yaglom HD","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yaglom HD, Nicholson WL, Casal M, Nieto NC, Adams L. Serologic assessment for exposure to spotted fever group rickettsiae in dogs in the Arizona-Sonora border region. Zoonoses Public Health. 2018;65(8):984\u2013992. doi:10.1111\/zph.1251730133168"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref15","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0233567","article-title":"An exploratory analysis of demography and movement patterns of dogs: new insights in the ecology of endemic Rocky Mountain-Spotted Fever in Mexicali, Mexico.","volume":"15","author":"L\u00f3pez-P\u00e9rez AM","year":"2020","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-P\u00e9rez AM, Orozco L, Zazueta OE, Fierro M, Gomez P, Foley J. An exploratory analysis of demography and movement patterns of dogs: new insights in the ecology of endemic Rocky Mountain-Spotted Fever in Mexicali, Mexico. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):e0233567. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.023356732437470"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref16","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e338","article-title":"Warmer weather linked to tick attack and emergence of severe rickettsioses.","volume":"2","author":"Parola P","year":"2008","unstructured":"Parola P, Socolovschi C, Jeanjean L, et al. Warmer weather linked to tick attack and emergence of severe rickettsioses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008;2(11):e338. doi:10.1371\/journal.pntd.000033819015724"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref17","series-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis","first-page":"1573","article-title":"Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806): neotype designation, morphological re-description of all parasitic stages and molecular characterization.","volume":"9","author":"Nava S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nava S, Beati L, Venzal JM, et al. Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806): neotype designation, morphological re-description of all parasitic stages and molecular characterization. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2018;9(6):1573\u20131585. doi:10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.08.00130100385"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref18","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"95","article-title":"Transstadial and intrastadial experimental transmission of Ehrlichia canis by male Rhipicephalus sanguineus.","volume":"131","author":"Bremer WG","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bremer WG, Schaefer JJ, Wagner ER, et al. Transstadial and intrastadial experimental transmission of Ehrlichia canis by male Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Vet Parasitol. 2005;131(1\u20132):95\u2013105. doi:10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.03015941624"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref19","series-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis","first-page":"101517","article-title":"Vector competence of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto for Anaplasma platys.","volume":"11","author":"Snellgrove AN","year":"2020","unstructured":"Snellgrove AN, Krapiunaya I, Ford SL, et al. Vector competence of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto for Anaplasma platys. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2020;11(6):101517. doi:10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.10151732993937"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref20","series-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol","first-page":"5569","article-title":"Isolation and identification of Rickettsia massiliae from Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks collected in Arizona.","volume":"72","author":"Eremeeva ME","year":"2006","unstructured":"Eremeeva ME, Bosserman EA, Demma LJ, Zambrano ML, Blau DM, Dasch GA. Isolation and identification of Rickettsia massiliae from Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks collected in Arizona. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72(8):5569\u20135577. doi:10.1128\/AEM.00122-0616885311"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref21","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1161","article-title":"Case report: molecular evidence of Anaplasma platys infection in two women from Venezuela.","volume":"91","author":"Arraga-Alvarado CM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arraga-Alvarado CM, Qurollo BA, Parra OC, Berrueta MA, Hegarty BC, Breitschwerdt EB. Case report: molecular evidence of Anaplasma platys infection in two women from Venezuela. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;91(6):1161\u20131165. doi:10.4269\/ajtmh.14-037225266347"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref22","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"103","article-title":"Co-infection with Anaplasma platys, Bartonella henselae and Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum in a veterinarian.","volume":"6","author":"Maggi RG","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maggi RG, Mascarelli PE, Havenga LN, Naidoo V, Breitschwerdt EB. Co-infection with Anaplasma platys, Bartonella henselae and Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum in a veterinarian. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6(1):103. doi:10.1186\/1756-3305-6-103"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref23","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"117","article-title":"High prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in dogs from an Indian reservation in northeastern Arizona.","volume":"10","author":"Diniz PPVP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Diniz PPVP, Beall MJ, Omark K, et al. High prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in dogs from an Indian reservation in northeastern Arizona. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2010;10(2):117\u2013123. doi:10.1089\/vbz.2008.018419469667"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat.","author":"Greene C","year":"2012","unstructured":"Greene C. Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 4th ed. Elsevier; 2012."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref25","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"159","article-title":"Association between exposure to Ehrlichia spp. and risk of developing chronic kidney disease in dogs.","volume":"56","author":"Burton W","year":"2020","unstructured":"Burton W, Drake C, Ogeer J, et al. Association between exposure to Ehrlichia spp. and risk of developing chronic kidney disease in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2020;56(3):159\u2013164. doi:10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-701232182116"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref26","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"33","article-title":"Experimental infection and co-infection of dogs with Anaplasma platys and Ehrlichia canis: hematologic, serologic and molecular findings.","volume":"3","author":"Gaunt S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gaunt S, Beall M, Stillman B, et al. Experimental infection and co-infection of dogs with Anaplasma platys and Ehrlichia canis: hematologic, serologic and molecular findings. Parasit Vectors. 2010;3(1):33. doi:10.1186\/1756-3305-3-3320377870"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref27","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1702","article-title":"Intraoperative bleeding in dogs from Grenada seroreactive to Anaplasma platys and Ehrlichia canis.","volume":"28","author":"Lanza-Perea M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lanza-Perea M, Zieger U, Qurollo BA, et al. Intraoperative bleeding in dogs from Grenada seroreactive to Anaplasma platys and Ehrlichia canis. J Vet Intern Med. 2014;28(6):1702\u20131707. doi:10.1111\/jvim.1244225274547"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref28","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1081","article-title":"Prevalence of vector-borne pathogens in Southern California dogs with clinical and laboratory abnormalities consistent with immune-mediated disease.","volume":"31","author":"Kidd L","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kidd L, Qurollo B, Lappin M, et al. Prevalence of vector-borne pathogens in Southern California dogs with clinical and laboratory abnormalities consistent with immune-mediated disease. J Vet Intern Med. 2017;31(4):1081\u20131090. doi:10.1111\/jvim.1473528558145"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref29","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"780","article-title":"Rickettsia parkeri Rickettsiosis, Arizona, USA.","volume":"22","author":"Herrick KL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Herrick KL, Pena SA, Yaglom HD, et al. Rickettsia parkeri Rickettsiosis, Arizona, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(5):780\u2013785. doi:10.3201\/eid2205.15182427089251"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref30","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1567","article-title":"Rocky Mountain spotted fever in a large metropolitan center, Mexico\u2013United States border, 2009\u20132019.","volume":"27","author":"Zazueta OE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zazueta OE, Armstrong PA, M\u00e1rquez-Elguea A, et al. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in a large metropolitan center, Mexico\u2013United States border, 2009\u20132019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(6):1567\u20131576. doi:10.3201\/eid2706.191662"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref31","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"813","article-title":"Zoonotic parasites of sheltered and stray dogs in the era of the global economic and political crisis.","volume":"33","author":"Otranto D","year":"2017","unstructured":"Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, Mihalca AD, Traub RJ, Lappin M, Baneth G. Zoonotic parasites of sheltered and stray dogs in the era of the global economic and political crisis. Trends Parasitol. 2017;33(10):813\u2013825. doi:10.1016\/j.pt.2017.05.01328648798"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref32","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"546","article-title":"Parasites and vector-borne diseases disseminated by rehomed dogs.","volume":"13","author":"Wright I","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wright I, Jongejan F, Marcondes M, et al. Parasites and vector-borne diseases disseminated by rehomed dogs. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13(1):546. doi:10.1186\/s13071-020-04407-533168100"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref33","series-title":"Zoonoses Public Health","first-page":"148","article-title":"Spotted fever group rickettsiae canine serosurveillance near the US-Mexico border in California.","volume":"67","author":"Estrada I","year":"2020","unstructured":"Estrada I, Balagot C, Fierro M, et al. Spotted fever group rickettsiae canine serosurveillance near the US-Mexico border in California. Zoonoses Public Health. 2020;67(2):148\u2013155. doi:10.1111\/zph.1266631769616"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"J Nutr Sci","first-page":"e45","article-title":"Owner misperception of canine body condition persists despite use of a body condition score chart.","volume":"3","author":"Eastland-Jones RC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eastland-Jones RC, German AJ, Holden SL, Biourge V, Pickavance LC. Owner misperception of canine body condition persists despite use of a body condition score chart. J Nutr Sci. 2014;3:e45. doi:10.1017\/jns.2014.25.26101613"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"University of California Press","article-title":"The Ticks of California (Acari:Ixodida).","author":"Furman DP","year":"1984","unstructured":"Furman DP, Loomis EC. The Ticks of California (Acari:Ixodida). University of California Press; 1984."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref36","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1083","article-title":"A highly sensitive and specific real-time PCR assay for the detection of spotted fever and typhus group Rickettsiae.","volume":"73","author":"Stenos J","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stenos J, Graves SR, Unsworth NB. A highly sensitive and specific real-time PCR assay for the detection of spotted fever and typhus group Rickettsiae. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;73(6):1083\u20131085. doi:10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.108316354816"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref37","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"314","article-title":"Assessment of real-time PCR assay for detection of Rickettsia spp. and Rickettsia rickettsii in banked clinical samples.","volume":"51","author":"Kato CY","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kato CY, Chung IH, Robinson LK, Austin AL, Dasch GA, Massung RF. Assessment of real-time PCR assay for detection of Rickettsia spp. and Rickettsia rickettsii in banked clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(1):314\u2013317. doi:10.1128\/JCM.01723-1223135935"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref38","series-title":"J Mol Diagn","first-page":"504","article-title":"Detection of medically important Ehrlichia by quantitative multicolor TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction of the dsb gene.","volume":"7","author":"Doyle CK","year":"2005","unstructured":"Doyle CK, Labruna MB, Breitschwerdt EB, et al. Detection of medically important Ehrlichia by quantitative multicolor TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction of the dsb gene. J Mol Diagn. 2005;7(4):504\u2013510. doi:10.1016\/S1525-1578(10)60581-816237220"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref39","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"541","article-title":"Rickettsia 364D: a newly recognized cause of eschar-associated illness in California.","volume":"50","author":"Shapiro MR","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shapiro MR, Fritz CL, Tait K, et al. Rickettsia 364D: a newly recognized cause of eschar-associated illness in California. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(4):541\u2013548. doi:10.1086\/64992620073993"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref40","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"2058","article-title":"Differentiation of spotted fever group rickettsiae by sequencing and analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR-amplified DNA of the gene encoding the protein rOmpA.","volume":"34","author":"Roux V","year":"1996","unstructured":"Roux V, Fournier PE, Raoult D. Differentiation of spotted fever group rickettsiae by sequencing and analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR-amplified DNA of the gene encoding the protein rOmpA. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34(9):2058\u20132065. doi:10.1128\/jcm.34.9.2058-2065.19968862558"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref41","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"5456","article-title":"Gene sequence-based criteria for identification of new rickettsia isolates and description of Rickettsia heilongjiangensis sp. nov.","volume":"41","author":"Fournier PE","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fournier PE, Dumler JS, Greub G, Zhang J, Wu Y, Raoult D. Gene sequence-based criteria for identification of new rickettsia isolates and description of Rickettsia heilongjiangensis sp. nov. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41(12):5456\u20135465. doi:10.1128\/JCM.41.12.5456-5465.200314662925"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref42","series-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol","first-page":"126","article-title":"Widespread use of real-time PCR for rickettsial diagnosis.","volume":"64","author":"Renvois\u00e9 A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Renvois\u00e9 A, Rolain J-M, Socolovschi C, Raoult D. Widespread use of real-time PCR for rickettsial diagnosis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2012;64(1):126\u2013129. doi:10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2011.00899.x22092999"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref43","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"626","article-title":"Rickettsia parkeri infection and other spotted fevers in the United States.","volume":"353","author":"Raoult D","year":"2005","unstructured":"Raoult D, Paddock CD. Rickettsia parkeri infection and other spotted fevers in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(6):626\u2013627. doi:10.1056\/NEJM20050811353061716093473"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref44","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"554","article-title":"Rickettsia felis: the complex journey of an emergent human pathogen.","volume":"32","author":"Angelakis E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Angelakis E, Mediannikov O, Parola P, Raoult D. Rickettsia felis: the complex journey of an emergent human pathogen. Trends Parasitol. 2016;32(7):554\u2013564. doi:10.1016\/j.pt.2016.04.00927155905"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref45","series-title":"Exp Appl Acarol","first-page":"255","article-title":"Detection of Rickettsia felis in ectoparasites collected from domestic animals.","volume":"81","author":"de Oliveira JCP","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Oliveira JCP, Reckziegel GH, Ramos CADN, et al. Detection of Rickettsia felis in ectoparasites collected from domestic animals. Exp Appl Acarol. 2020;81(2):255\u2013264. doi:10.1007\/s10493-020-00505-232472468"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref46","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"244","article-title":"A focus of dogs and Rickettsia massiliae-infected Rhipicephalus sanguineus in California.","volume":"84","author":"Beeler E","year":"2011","unstructured":"Beeler E, Abramowicz KF, Zambrano ML, et al. A focus of dogs and Rickettsia massiliae-infected Rhipicephalus sanguineus in California. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;84(2):244\u2013249. doi:10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-035521292893"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref47","series-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis","first-page":"609","article-title":"Diversity of rickettsiae in domestic, synanthropic, and sylvatic mammals and their ectoparasites in a spotted fever-epidemic region at the western US-Mexico border.","volume":"69","author":"L\u00f3pez-P\u00e9rez AM","year":"2022","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-P\u00e9rez AM, Chaves A, S\u00e1nchez-Montes S, et al. Diversity of rickettsiae in domestic, synanthropic, and sylvatic mammals and their ectoparasites in a spotted fever-epidemic region at the western US-Mexico border. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022;69(2):609\u2013622. doi:10.1111\/tbed.14027"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref48","series-title":"Prev Vet Med","first-page":"293","article-title":"Serosurvey of Babesia canis, Babesia gibsoni and Ehrlichia canis in pound dogs in California, USA.","volume":"18","author":"Yamane I","year":"1994","unstructured":"Yamane I, Gardner IA, Ryan CP, Levy M, Urrico J, Conrad PA. Serosurvey of Babesia canis, Babesia gibsoni and Ehrlichia canis in pound dogs in California, USA. Prev Vet Med. 1994;18(4):293\u2013304. doi:10.1016\/0167-5877(94)90054-X"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref49","series-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis","first-page":"276","article-title":"Molecular identification and characterization of Anaplasma platys and Ehrlichia canis in dogs in Mexico.","volume":"7","author":"Almaz\u00e1n C","year":"2016","unstructured":"Almaz\u00e1n C, Gonz\u00e1lez-\u00c1lvarez VH, Fern\u00e1ndez de Mera IG, Cabezas-Cruz A, Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00ednez R, de la Fuente J. Molecular identification and characterization of Anaplasma platys and Ehrlichia canis in dogs in Mexico. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2016;7(2):276\u2013283. doi:10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.11.00226615872"},{"key":"ref50","series-title":"Parasite Preval Maps","article-title":"Parasite Prevalence Maps.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Companion Animal Parasite Council. Parasite Prevalence Maps. Parasite Preval Maps 2022. Accessed July 16, 2022. capcvet.org\/maps\/"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/261\/3\/javma.22.08.0388.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/261\/3\/javma.22.08.0388.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/261\/3\/javma.22.08.0388.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:01:28Z","timestamp":1741352488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/261\/3\/javma.22.08.0388.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.22.08.0388","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]}}}