{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T23:46:51Z","timestamp":1782776811691,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To create antibiograms for commonly cultured organisms in a small animal tertiary care hospital following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines and to compare these local resistance patterns to published first-tier antimicrobial recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>SAMPLE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Urine (n = 429), respiratory (41), and skin (75) isolates cultured from dogs between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2020, at the Tufts University Foster Hospital for Small Animals.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>MIC and susceptibility interpretations were recorded for multiple sites for 2 years. Sites with greater than 30 isolates for at least 1 organism were included. Urinary, respiratory, and skin antibiograms were created using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute breakpoints and guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Urinary <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> had a higher susceptibility percentage for amoxicillin\u2013clavulanate (80% [221\/275]) than amoxicillin alone (64% [175\/275]). Respiratory <jats:italic>E coli<\/jats:italic> were greater than 80% susceptible to only 2 antimicrobials (imipenem, amikacin). Of skin <jats:italic>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic> isolates, 40% (30\/75) were methicillin-resistant and frequently also displayed resistance to non-beta lactam antimicrobials. Susceptibility to recommended first-line antimicrobials varied and was greatest for gram-negative urinary isolates and lowest for methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>S pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic> skin isolates and respiratory <jats:italic>E coli<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Local antibiogram creation identified frequent resistance that may preclude the use of guideline-recommended first-line therapy. High levels of resistance identified in methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>S pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic> isolates supports growing concern for methicillin-resistant staphylococci in veterinary patients. This project highlights the need for population-specific resistance profiles to be used in conjunction with national guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.12.0545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T13:11:02Z","timestamp":1677762662000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Demonstrating the importance of local culture and susceptibility data: antibiograms from dogs at a veterinary tertiary care center"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"261","author":[{"given":"Kendall","family":"Leet-Otley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire L.","family":"Fellman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie S.","family":"Wayne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirthana","family":"Beaulac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Emerson Hospital, Concord, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian M.","family":"DeStefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kady B.","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shira","family":"Doron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc.","first-page":"938","article-title":"Opinions of clinical veterinarians at a US veterinary teaching hospital regarding antimicrobial use and antimicrobial-resistant infections","volume":"247","author":"Jacob ME","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jacob ME, Hoppin JA, Steers N,  Opinions of clinical veterinarians at a US veterinary teaching hospital regarding antimicrobial use and antimicrobial-resistant infections. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2015;247(8):938-944."},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Infect Drug Resist.","first-page":"1645","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance: a rundown of a global crisis","volume":"11","author":"Aslam B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aslam B, Wang W, Arshad MI,  Antibiotic resistance: a rundown of a global crisis. Infect Drug Resist. 2018;11:1645-1658."},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev.","first-page":"381","article-title":"Antimicrobial stewardship: how the microbiology laboratory can right the ship","volume":"30","author":"Morency-Potvin P","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morency-Potvin P, Schwartz DN, Weinstein RA. Antimicrobial stewardship: how the microbiology laboratory can right the ship. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;30:381-407."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc.","first-page":"287","article-title":"Antimicrobial stewardship in companion animal practice","volume":"246","year":"2015","unstructured":"AVMA Task Force for Antimicrobial Stewardship in Companion Animal Practice. Antimicrobial stewardship in companion animal practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2015;246(3):287-288."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Dermatol.","first-page":"163","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy of canine superficial bacterial folliculitis (Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases)","volume":"25","author":"Hillier A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hillier A, Lloyd DH, Weese JS,  Guidelines for the diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy of canine superficial bacterial folliculitis (Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases). Vet Dermatol. 2014;25(3):163-e43."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med.","first-page":"279","article-title":"Antimicrobial use Guidelines for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats: Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases","volume":"31","author":"Lappin MR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lappin MR, Blondeau J, Boothe D,  Antimicrobial use Guidelines for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats: Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases. J Vet Intern Med. 2017;31(2):279-294."},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet J.","first-page":"8","article-title":"International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in dogs and cats","volume":"247","author":"Weese JS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weese JS, Blondeau J, Boothe D,  International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in dogs and cats. Vet J. 2019;247:8-25."},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"CLSI Document M39-A5","article-title":"Analysis and Presentation of Cumulative Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Data","year":"2022","unstructured":"CLSI. Analysis and Presentation of Cumulative Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Data. 5th ed. CLSI Document M39-A5. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2022."},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"CLSI report VET09","article-title":"Understanding Susceptibility Test Data as a Component of Antimicrobial Stewardship in Veterinary Settings","year":"2019","unstructured":"CLSI. Understanding Susceptibility Test Data as a Component of Antimicrobial Stewardship in Veterinary Settings. 1st ed. CLSI report VET09. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2019."},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"CLSI Supplement M100","article-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","year":"2021","unstructured":"CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 31st ed. CLSI Supplement M100. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2021."},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"CLSI supplement VET01S","article-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated From Animals","year":"2020","unstructured":"CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated From Animals. 5th ed. CLSI supplement VET01S. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2020."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref12","series-title":"Iran J Vet Res.","first-page":"277","article-title":"Detection, molecular characterization, and antibiogram of multi-drug resistant and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from pets and pet owners in Malaysia","volume":"22","author":"Chai MH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chai MH, Sukiman MZ, Liew YW,  Detection, molecular characterization, and antibiogram of multi-drug resistant and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from pets and pet owners in Malaysia. Iran J Vet Res. 2021;22(4):277-287."},{"issue":"9","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc.","first-page":"950","article-title":"Development of a method for creating antibiograms for use in companion animal private practices","volume":"257","author":"Frey E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Frey E, Jacob M. Development of a method for creating antibiograms for use in companion animal private practices. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2020;257(9):950-960."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Microbiol.","first-page":"119","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus intermedius carriage by healthy dogs and comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns to isolates from dogs with pyoderma","volume":"108","author":"Hartmann FA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hartmann FA, White DG, West SE, Walker RD, Deboer DJ. Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus intermedius carriage by healthy dogs and comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns to isolates from dogs with pyoderma. Vet Microbiol. 2005;108(1-2):119-131."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref15","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med.","first-page":"227","article-title":"Amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate resistance in urinary Escherichia coli antibiograms of cats and dogs from the Midwestern United States","volume":"34","author":"KuKanich K","year":"2020","unstructured":"KuKanich K, Lubbers B, Salgado B. Amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate resistance in urinary Escherichia coli antibiograms of cats and dogs from the Midwestern United States. J Vet Intern Med. 2020;34(1):227-231."},{"issue":"8","key":"ref16","series-title":"Vet World.","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Pathogens isolated from clinical cases of urinary tract infection in dogs and their antibiogram","volume":"11","author":"Punia M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Punia M, Kumar A, Charaya G, Kumar T. Pathogens isolated from clinical cases of urinary tract infection in dogs and their antibiogram. Vet World. 2018;11(8):1037-1042."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref17","series-title":"Aust Vet J.","first-page":"149","article-title":"Canine superficial bacterial pyoderma: evaluation of skin surface sampling methods and antimicrobial susceptibility of causal Staphylococcus isolates","volume":"92","author":"Ravens PA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ravens PA, Vogelnest LJ, Ewen E, Bosward KI, Norris JM. Canine superficial bacterial pyoderma: evaluation of skin surface sampling methods and antimicrobial susceptibility of causal Staphylococcus isolates. Aust Vet J. 2014;92(5):149-155."},{"issue":"12","key":"ref18","series-title":"Antibiotics (Basel).","first-page":"924","article-title":"Use of local antibiogram data and antimicrobial importance ratings to select optimal empirical therapies for urinary tract infections in dogs and cats","volume":"9","author":"Scarborough R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scarborough R, Bailey K, Galgut B,  Use of local antibiogram data and antimicrobial importance ratings to select optimal empirical therapies for urinary tract infections in dogs and cats. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020;9(12):924."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref19","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med.","first-page":"1045","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in urinary tract infections in dogs (2010-2013)","volume":"29","author":"Wong C","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wong C, Epstein SE, Westropp JL. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in urinary tract infections in dogs (2010-2013). J Vet Intern Med. 2015;29(4):1045-1052."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","series-title":"BMC Vet Res.","first-page":"91","article-title":"Patterns of antimicrobial, multidrug and methicillin resistance among Staphylococcus spp. isolated from canine specimens submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in Tennessee, USA: a descriptive study","volume":"18","author":"Lord J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lord J, Millis N, Jones RD,  Patterns of antimicrobial, multidrug and methicillin resistance among Staphylococcus spp. isolated from canine specimens submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in Tennessee, USA: a descriptive study. BMC Vet Res. 2022;18(1):91."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref21","series-title":"Vet Dermatol.","first-page":"332","article-title":"Screening of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus intermedius, and Staphylococcus schleiferi isolates obtained from small companion animals for antimicrobial resistance: a retrospective review of 749 isolates (2003-04)","volume":"17","author":"Morris DO","year":"2006","unstructured":"Morris DO, Rook KA, Shofer FS,  Screening of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus intermedius, and Staphylococcus schleiferi isolates obtained from small companion animals for antimicrobial resistance: a retrospective review of 749 isolates (2003-04). Vet Dermatol. 2006;17(5):332-337."},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Manual of Clinical Microbiology","article-title":"Chapter 18. Specimen collection, transport, and processing: bacteriology","author":"Baron EJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baron EJ. Chapter 18. Specimen collection, transport, and processing: bacteriology. In: Jorgenson JH, Pfaller MA, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology; 11th Ed. American Society for Microbiology, 2015."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref23","series-title":"Postgrad Med.","first-page":"242","article-title":"An update on the management of urinary tract infections in the era of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"129","author":"Bader MS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bader MS, Loeb M, Brooks AA. An update on the management of urinary tract infections in the era of antimicrobial resistance. Postgrad Med. 2017;129(2):242-258."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","series-title":"Ann Intern Med.","first-page":"41","article-title":"Increasing antimicrobial resistance and the management of uncomplicated community-acquired urinary tract infections","volume":"135","author":"Gupta K","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gupta K, Hooton TM, Stamm WE. Increasing antimicrobial resistance and the management of uncomplicated community-acquired urinary tract infections. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135(1):41-50."},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Merck Veterinary Manual Online","article-title":"Bacterial urinary tract infections","author":"Dowling PM","unstructured":"Dowling PM. Bacterial urinary tract infections. Merck Veterinary Manual Online. Accessed December 6, 2022. https:\/\/www.merckvetmanual.com\/pharmacology\/systemic-pharmacotherapeutics-of-the-urinary-system\/bacterial-urinary-tract-infections."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref26","first-page":"11","article-title":"The complex diseases of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in canines: where to next? Vet Sci","volume":"8","author":"Lynch SA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lynch SA, Helbig KJ. The complex diseases of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in canines: where to next? Vet Sci. 2021;8(1):11."},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Data from the EUCAST MIC distribution website","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Data from the EUCAST MIC distribution website. Accessed December 6, 2022. https:\/\/www.eucast.org.."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref28","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med.","first-page":"2763","article-title":"Bacterial infection in dogs with aspiration pneumonia at 2 tertiary referral practices","volume":"35","author":"Howard J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Howard J, Reinero CR, Almond G, Vientos-Plotts A, Cohn LA, Grobman M. Bacterial infection in dogs with aspiration pneumonia at 2 tertiary referral practices. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(6):2763-2771."},{"issue":"14","key":"ref29","series-title":"Vet Rec.","first-page":"357","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from 502 dogs with respiratory signs","volume":"176","author":"Rheinwald M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rheinwald M, Hartmann K, H\u00e4hner M, Wolf G, Straubinger RK, Schulz B. Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from 502 dogs with respiratory signs. Vet Rec. 2015;176(14):357."},{"issue":"10","key":"ref30","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol.","first-page":"4776","article-title":"Comparison of trends of resistance rates over 3 years calculated from results for all isolates and for the first isolate of a given species from a patient","volume":"42","author":"Lee SO","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lee SO, Cho YK, Kim SY,  Comparison of trends of resistance rates over 3 years calculated from results for all isolates and for the first isolate of a given species from a patient. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42(10):4776-4779."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref31","series-title":"Yonsei Med J.","first-page":"901","article-title":"Increase of ceftazidime- and fluoroquinolone-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. in Korea: analysis of KONSAR study data from 2005 and 2007","volume":"51","author":"Lee K","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee K, Lee MA, Lee CH,  Increase of ceftazidime- and fluoroquinolone-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. in Korea: analysis of KONSAR study data from 2005 and 2007. Yonsei Med J. 2010;51(6):901-911."},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-10324-7_2","article-title":"Species differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics","volume":"199","author":"Toutain PL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Toutain PL, Ferran A, Bousquet-M\u00e9lou A. Species differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2010;199:19-48."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref33","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol.","first-page":"e00203","article-title":"Understanding and addressing CLSI breakpoint revisions: a primer for clinical laboratories","volume":"57","author":"Humphries RM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Humphries RM, Abbott AN, Hindler JA. Understanding and addressing CLSI breakpoint revisions: a primer for clinical laboratories. J Clin Microbiol. 2019;57(6):e00203-19."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/261\/7\/javma.22.12.0545.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/261\/7\/javma.22.12.0545.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/261\/7\/javma.22.12.0545.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T15:06:21Z","timestamp":1741359981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/261\/7\/javma.22.12.0545.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.22.12.0545","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]}}}