{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T01:56:34Z","timestamp":1790387794863,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine whether therapeutic riding resulted in higher levels of stress or frustration for horses than did recreational riding and whether therapeutic riding with at-risk individuals was more stressful for the horses than was therapeutic riding with individuals with physical or emotional handicaps.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Observational study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201414 horses in a therapeutic riding program.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014An ethogram of equine behaviors was created, and horses were observed while ridden by 5 groups of riders (recreational riders, physically handicapped riders, psychologically handicapped riders, atrisk children, and special education children). Number of stress-related behaviors (ears pinned back, head raised, head turned, head tossed, head shaken, head down, and defecation) was compared among groups.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014No significant differences in mean number of stress-related behaviors were found when horses were ridden by recreational riders, physically handicapped riders, psychologically handicapped riders, or special education children. However, mean number of stress-related behaviors was significantly higher when horses were ridden by the at-risk children.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results suggest that for horses in a therapeutic riding program, being ridden by physically or psychologically handicapped individuals is no more stressful for the horses than is being ridden in the same setting by recreational riders. However, at-risk children caused more stress to the horses, suggesting that the time horses are ridden by at-risk children should be limited both daily and weekly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.1.39","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,20]],"date-time":"2006-01-20T22:23:30Z","timestamp":1137795810000},"page":"39-45","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Stress-related behaviors among horses used in a therapeutic riding program"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"228","author":[{"given":"Lana","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camie R.","family":"Heleski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice","family":"Siegford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharine Ann","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"North American Riding for the Handicapped Association Web site"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev","first-page":"70","article-title":"Children who are cruel to animals","volume":"2","author":"Tapia","year":"1971"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"46","article-title":"Effects of a therapeutic riding program on at-risk and special education children","volume":"228","author":"Kaiser","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"CHUM Therapeutic Riding Web site"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"A handbook for parents, 2002\u20132003","first-page":"31","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"A practical field guide to horse behavior: the equid ethogram","first-page":"33","author":"McDonnell","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Horse behavior","first-page":"41","author":"Waring","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"341","article-title":"Effect of water restriction on equine behaviour and physiology","volume":"32","author":"Houpt","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Equine Pract","first-page":"23","article-title":"Equine agitation behaviors","volume":"18","author":"Weeks","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci","first-page":"1","article-title":"Behavioral and physiological responses of horses to initial trailing: the comparison between pastured versus stalled horses","volume":"78","author":"Rivera","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Comp Neurol Psychol","first-page":"459","article-title":"The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation","volume":"18","author":"Yerkes","year":"1908"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci","first-page":"279","article-title":"The association between performance in show-jumping and personality traits earlier in life","volume":"82","author":"Visser","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci","first-page":"241","article-title":"Quantifying aspects of young horses' temperament: consistency of behavioural variables","volume":"74","author":"Visser","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci","first-page":"11","article-title":"Behavioral assessment of horses in therapeutic riding programs","volume":"63","author":"Anderson","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"268","article-title":"Chronic stress in riding horses","volume":"19","author":"Odberg","year":"1987"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/228\/1\/javma.228.1.39.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/228\/1\/javma.228.1.39.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/228\/1\/javma.228.1.39.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T14:05:49Z","timestamp":1741356349000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/228\/1\/javma.228.1.39.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.228.1.39","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]]}}}