{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T01:48:33Z","timestamp":1782784113454,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Case Description<\/jats:bold>\u2014A 4-year-old Quarter Horse stallion was evaluated because of a 10-month history of moderate (grade 3\/5) left forelimb lameness (detectable during trotting over a smooth, hard surface).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Findings<\/jats:bold>\u2014No abnormalities were detected in either forelimb via palpation or application of hoof testers; however, lameness was eliminated after administration of a palmar digital nerve block in the left forelimb. Whereas radiography and ultrasonography did not identify any left forelimb foot abnormalities, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging revealed a circumscribed soft tissue mass in the distal aspect of the digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) dorsal to the lateral aspect of the deep digital flexor tendon. Subsequently, the left forelimb DFTS was injected with local anesthetic, which resulted in 90% improvement of the horse's lameness.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Treatment and Outcome<\/jats:bold>\u2014The distal aspect of the left forelimb DFTS was evaluated tenoscopically. The mass was removed under tenoscopic guidance, after which the distal digital annular ligament was transected. The horse received phenylbutazone orally for 10 days, and the left forelimb DFTS was injected with hyaluronic acid and methylprednisolone acetate 7 days after the surgery. Following a rehabilitation program, the horse was returned to full training at 6 months after surgery and competed successfully during a 2-year follow-up period.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Use of MR imaging should be considered in all lame horses for which a definitive diagnosis cannot be made via radiography, ultrasonography, or other imaging techniques, especially when the lameness has been localized to a specific anatomic region by use of diagnostic anesthesia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.12.1918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,19]],"date-time":"2006-06-19T13:30:16Z","timestamp":1150723816000},"page":"1918-1921","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Detection of an epidermoid cyst in the foot of a horse by use of magnetic resonance imaging"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"228","author":[{"given":"Macarena G.","family":"Sanz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah N.","family":"Sampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert K.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick R.","family":"Gavin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy V.","family":"Baszler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Guide for veterinary service and judging of equestrian events","article-title":"Definition and classification of lameness","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Equine surgery","first-page":"946","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of the equine distal limb","author":"Sampson","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1343","article-title":"Palmar-plantar axial sesamoidean approach to the digital flexor tendon sheath in horses","volume":"217","author":"Hassel","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"266","article-title":"Endoscopy of the digital flexor tendon sheath in horses","volume":"19","author":"Nixon","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Equine Pract","first-page":"8","article-title":"Equine keratinizing cutaneous cysts","volume":"13","author":"Wellington","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"640","article-title":"Report of an epidermoid bone cyst in a phalanx of a dog","volume":"114","author":"Bindseil","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"230","article-title":"Intraosseous epidermoid cyst in two dogs","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"1974"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"632","article-title":"Intraosseous epidermoid cyst in a horse","volume":"209","author":"Camus","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"110","article-title":"Epidermoid cyst of the brain in the horse","volume":"8","author":"Kelly","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Comp Pathol","first-page":"89","article-title":"Intracranial epidermoid cyst in a horse","volume":"129","author":"Peters","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"454","article-title":"Canine intracranial epidermoid cyst","volume":"40","author":"Platt","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"646","article-title":"Intracranial epidermoid cysts in three dogs","volume":"19","author":"Kornegay","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"744","article-title":"Three cases of ovarian epidermoid cysts in cattle","volume":"39","author":"Edwards","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"764","article-title":"Effects of sodium hyaluronate on tendon healing and adhesion formation in horses","volume":"52","author":"Gaughan","year":"1991"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical 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