{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:07:20Z","timestamp":1790208440254,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine risk factors associated with <jats:italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/jats:italic> infection in dogs and cats residing on Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Matched case-control study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201420 dogs and 29 cats with <jats:italic>C gattii<\/jats:italic> infection and matched controls.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Dogs and cats with a confirmed or probable diagnosis of cryptococcosis resulting from infection with <jats:italic>C gattii<\/jats:italic> were enrolled by veterinarians, and owners completed a questionnaire designed to obtain information pertaining to potential risk factors for the disease. Owners of matched control animals were also interviewed. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals or paired <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> tests were calculated to determine significant associations.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Animals were enrolled during 2 noncontiguous periods in August 2001 to February 2002 (8 dogs and 9 cats enrolled) and May to December 2003 (12 dogs and 20 cats enrolled). Risk factors significantly associated with development of cryptococcosis included residing within 10 km of a logging site or other area of commercial soil disturbance, above-average level of activity of the animal, travelling of the animal on Vancouver Island, hunting by the animal, and owners hiking or visiting a botanic garden.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results indicated that dogs and cats that were active or that lived near a site of commercial environmental disturbance had a significantly increased risk of developing <jats:italic>C gattii<\/jats:italic> infection. Veterinarians should communicate these risks to owners in context because cryptococcosis was an uncommon disease in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.3.377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,31]],"date-time":"2006-01-31T22:18:09Z","timestamp":1138745889000},"page":"377-382","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Evaluation of risk factors for Cryptococcus gattii infection in dogs and cats"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"228","author":[{"given":"Colleen G.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Stephen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Med Mycol","first-page":"155","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii","volume":"39","author":"Sorrell","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Taxon","first-page":"804","article-title":"Proposal to conserve the name Cryptococcus gattii against C hondurianus and C bacillisporus (Basidiomycota, Hymenomycetes, Tremellomycetidae)","volume":"51","author":"Kwon-Chung","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"792","article-title":"Multispecies outbreak of cryptococcosis on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia","volume":"43","author":"Stephen","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"17258","article-title":"A rare genotype of Cryptococcus gattii caused the cryptococcosis outbreak on Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada)","volume":"101","author":"Kidd","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","first-page":"A499","article-title":"Environmental Cryptococcus neoformans var gattii in British Columbia, Canada","volume":"167","author":"Bartlett","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1716","article-title":"Clinicopathologic features of an unusual outbreak of cryptococcosis in dogs, cats, ferrets and a bird: 38 cases (January 2003 to July 2003)","volume":"225","author":"Lester","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"721","article-title":"Update on canine and feline fungal diseases","volume":"33","author":"Kerl","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Modern epidemiology","author":"Rothman","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Med Vet Mycol","first-page":"27","article-title":"Asymptomatic carriage of Cryptococcus neoformans in the nasal cavity of dogs and cats","volume":"35","author":"Malik","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Med Mycol","first-page":"511","article-title":"Sub-clinical infection and asymptomatic carriage of Cryptococcus gattii in dogs and cats during an outbreak of cryptococcosis","volume":"43","author":"Duncan","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Med Mycol","first-page":"331","article-title":"Asymptomatic carriage of Cryptococcus neoformans in the nasal cavity of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)","volume":"37","author":"Connolly","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"499","article-title":"Epidemiology and host- and variety-dependent characteristics of infection due to Cryptococcus neoformans in Australia and New Zealand. 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cryptococcosis","volume":"41","author":"Malik","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical 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