{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T20:34:32Z","timestamp":1785270872341,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To compare pain responses in stallions undergoing standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy following intratesticular or mesorchial infiltration of lidocaine.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Clinical trial.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201420 stallions with 1 or 2 undescended testes.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Standing horses were administered a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and a caudal epidural injection of detomidine hydrochloride and underwent laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy. The undescended testis (1\/horse) was grasped to determine the preoperative pain response (present vs absent) and assess severity of pain (by use of a visual analog scale [VAS]). The undescended testis or its mesorchium was injected with 2% lidocaine (10 mL); saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (10 mL) was injected in the untreated structure. Presence and severity of pain was determined by 2 individuals as the testis was grasped following infiltration and at the times of ligature placement and transection of the spermatic cord. Serum cortisol concentration was analyzed preoperatively, after ligation, and after transection. Presence or absence of signs of pain, severity of pain, and serum cortisol concentrations were compared within and between treatment groups.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Detection of signs of pain and VAS pain scores did not differ between observers at any time point. Perceived pain responses associated with ligature placement differed significantly from preoperative responses. Pain responses and serum cortisol concentrations after intratesticular and mesorchial infiltration of lidocaine did not differ.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results suggested that intratesticular or mesorchial infiltration of lidocaine combined with administration of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and caudal epidural injection of detomidine provides adequate analgesia in standing stallions undergoing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.229.11.1779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,4]],"date-time":"2006-12-04T18:32:13Z","timestamp":1165257133000},"page":"1779-1783","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Comparison of intraoperative pain responses following intratesticular or mesorchial injection of lidocaine in standing horses undergoing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"229","author":[{"given":"JoLynn","family":"Joyce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean A.","family":"Hendrickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Equine diagnostic and surgical laparoscopy","first-page":"155","article-title":"Standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy","author":"Hendrickson","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","first-page":"641","article-title":"Standing laparoscopic surgery","volume":"7","author":"Fischer","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"326","article-title":"Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in standing horses","volume":"26","author":"Davis","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","first-page":"269","article-title":"Standing male equine urogenital endoscopic surgery","volume":"16","author":"Trumble","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"593","article-title":"Intraoperative pain responses following intraovarian versus mesovarian injection of lidocaine in mares undergoing laparoscopic ovariectomy","volume":"227","author":"Farstvedt","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"521","article-title":"A comparison of knot security of commonly used hand-tied laparoscopic slipknots","volume":"33","author":"Shettko","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Textbook of pain","first-page":"409","article-title":"Pain measurement in persons in pain","author":"Melzack","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Int J Fertil","first-page":"57","article-title":"The morphology of abdominal and inguinal cryptorchid testes in stallions: a light and electron microscopy study","volume":"36","author":"al-Bagdadi","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"335","article-title":"Laparoscopic cryptorchid castration in standing horses","volume":"26","author":"Hendrickson","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"670","article-title":"Caudal analgesia induced by epidural or subarachnoid administration of detomidine hydrochloride solution in mares","volume":"55","author":"Skarda","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"516","article-title":"Complications associated with administration of detomidine into the caudal epidural space in a horse","volume":"213","author":"Wittern","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Anatomy of the horse","first-page":"74","article-title":"Arteries, veins and nerves of the pelvic cavity","author":"Budras","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"8","article-title":"Effect of different methods of castration on behavior and plasma cortisol in calves of three ages","volume":"56","author":"Robertson","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"276","article-title":"Evaluation of plasma catecholamine and serum cortisol concentrations in horses with colic","volume":"227","author":"Hinchcliff","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Appl Anim Welf Sci","first-page":"263","article-title":"Trailer loading stress in horses: behavioral and physiological effects of nonaversive training (TTEAM)","volume":"6","author":"Shanahan","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Anim Sci","first-page":"2336","article-title":"Effect of castration method and the provision of local anaesthesia on plasma cortisol, scrotal circumference, growth and feed intake of beef bulls","volume":"74","author":"Fisher","year":"1996"},{"issue":"(suppl 5)","key":"ref17","series-title":"Drugs","first-page":"28","article-title":"The spinal actions of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the dissociation between their anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects","volume":"47","author":"McCormack","year":"1994a"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"61","article-title":"Effects of local anesthesia or local anesthesia plus a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug on the acute cortisol response of calves to five different methods of castration","volume":"73","author":"Stafford","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"534","article-title":"Comparison of visual analog and numeric scoring scales for assessing intraoperative mesenteric portovenography","volume":"43","author":"Macdonald","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/229\/11\/javma.229.11.1779.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/229\/11\/javma.229.11.1779.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/229\/11\/javma.229.11.1779.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:54:21Z","timestamp":1741355661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/229\/11\/javma.229.11.1779.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.229.11.1779","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]]}}}