{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T09:10:36Z","timestamp":1781773836040,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Case Description<\/jats:bold>\u20146 female alpacas, ranging in age from &lt; 1 day to &gt; 2 years, were examined because of primary owner complaints related to urogenital malformation.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Findings<\/jats:bold>\u2014In all instances, the vulva was totally to subtotally imperforate. One neonate had failure of passive transfer of immunity and mild azotemia at the time of initial examination. No additional urogenital malformations were detected in any of the alpacas.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Treatment and Outcome<\/jats:bold>\u2014Vulvoplasty performed via local anesthesia was successful in all alpacas. The neonate with failure of passive transfer received a plasma transfusion. Postsurgical wound management was limited to topically applied medications.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Congenital vulvar deformity in alpacas may result in interference with urine outflow. Neonates with a completely imperforate vulva may be brought to veterinarians for examination on an emergency basis. Less severely affected alpacas may be examined later in life with owner complaints ranging from stranguria or dysuria to urogenital malformation. No other primary abnormalities of the urogenital tract in alpacas have been reported, to the authors' knowledge. Vulvoplasty, performed with local anesthesia, resolves obstructed urine flow. Because it is possible that this condition is heritable, affected alpacas, and possibly their sires and dams, should not be used for breeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.229.2.263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,15]],"date-time":"2006-07-15T20:32:17Z","timestamp":1152995537000},"page":"263-265","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Congenital vulvar deformity in 6 alpacas"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"229","author":[{"given":"Pamela A.","family":"Wilkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise L.","family":"Southwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Bedenice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Camel Pract Res","first-page":"87","article-title":"Atresia vulvi in camels\u2014case reports","volume":"4","author":"Ramadan","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc","first-page":"137","article-title":"A pregnant heifer with a congenital incompletely developed vulva","volume":"56","author":"Oettle","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"500","article-title":"Familial posterior labial fusion","volume":"73","author":"Klein","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Med Primatol","first-page":"350","article-title":"Congenitally caused fused labia in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)","volume":"31","author":"Isachenko","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Ann Pediatr","first-page":"11","article-title":"Diagnosis of congenital abnormalities of the vulva and vagina","volume":"34","author":"Paniel","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1134","article-title":"Presumptive Sry-negative XX sex reversal in a llama with multiple congenital anomalies","volume":"215","author":"Drew","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1140","article-title":"XX\/XY chimerism and freemartinism in a female llama co-twin to a male","volume":"215","author":"Hinrichs","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"112","article-title":"XX sex reversal in a llama","volume":"204","author":"Wilker","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Urology","first-page":"209","article-title":"Labial fusion causing upper urinary tract obstruction","volume":"42","author":"Norbeck","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"710","article-title":"Urinary obstruction in a hermaphroditic llama","volume":"212","author":"Lopez","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/229\/2\/javma.229.2.263.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/229\/2\/javma.229.2.263.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/229\/2\/javma.229.2.263.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:35:08Z","timestamp":1741354508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/229\/2\/javma.229.2.263.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,15]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.229.2.263","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,15]]}}}